APush

Maize

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans; allowed for a more settled lifestyle

Natives in the Northeast

-Hunted & farmed

-Farming led to need for new soil \= moving a lot

-Iroquois Confederation \= union of 5 tribes, a powerful force for Europeans

Natives in the Northwest Coast

- Wet, fertile region in present day Washington, Oregon and northern California

- Plentiful food included salmon and forest animals

- lived in permanent wooden houses and created totem poles

Natives in the Southwest

-Dry region in Arizona/New Mexico area

-Farming w/ irrigation systems (maize)

-Lived in caves, under cliffs, & multi-storied buildings

- created sand art, woven blankets, jewelry, pottery

Natives of the Great Plains

-Either wandering hunters or stationary farming people

- Nomadic hunters used tepees (easy to move)

- Relied heavily on the Buffalo

-Used horses (after introduction by the Europeans) \= easy to travel and hunt

Natives in the Great Basin

-High desert region between the Sierras & Rocky Mountains

-Gathered food & harvested pine nuts; began farming

-Basket weaving & dances were important to tradition

-Extreme weather

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, plants, animals, and ideas between the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) and the New World (North and South America)

Encomienda System

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia in 1607

Joint Stock Company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia who negotiated with the original settlers of Jamestown

Pocahontas

A Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617)

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Starving Time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 in Virginia; Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

House of Burgesses

The first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619

John Rolfe

Jamestown colonist who introduced a variety of tobacco that could be grown successfully in Virginia

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years; most common in the Chesapeake region

Headright System

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.

Planters

Large-scale farmers who held more than 20 slaves

Maryland Act of Toleration (1649)

Guaranteed religious tolerance for all Christians living in Maryland

Yeoman Farmers

Independent and hardworking farmers in the south, who lived and worked on smaller-sized farms with their families

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in the 1660s to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limit goods that were exported to colonies; and stipulate goods that could only be traded with the mother country; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by exporting more than they imported and exploiting the natural resources and markets of their colonies

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 rebellion of landless former servants in Virginia; Exposed the weakness of the indentured servant system to the ruling planter oligarchy, who thereafter relied more and more on African slaves.

Pueblo Revolt

1680, revolt of indigenous laborers led by Pope'; killed colonists and priests and got Spanish out of modern-day New Mexico for 12 years

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia; colonies with rich soil and long growing seasons; relied heavily on cash crops and slavery

Chesapeake Colonies

Virginia and Maryland; subgroup of the Southern Colonies where tobacco was the main cash crop

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire; strong Puritan ties; diversified economies; centers of education and revolutionary ideals

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant separatists who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

"City on a Hill"

Biblical ideal, invoked by John Winthrop, of a society governed by civil liberty (where people did only that which was just and good) that would be an example to the world

Covenant of Grace

The Christian idea that God's elect are granted salvation as a pure gift of grace. This doctrine holds that nothing people do can erase their sins or earn them a place in heaven.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader of the Great Puritan Migration who became the long-serving governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization; founded Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630

Anne Hutchinson

American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643) and practice of preaching

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Massachussetts Bay Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear and hysteria

Halfway Covenant

Allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware; grew wheat as a cash crop; most religiously tolerant and ethnically diverse region in the colonies; most big cities were located here

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity; under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut and New York into a single province headed by a royal governor (Sir Edmond Andros). It ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

King Philip's War

1675 conflict between English colonists and Native Americans in the New England colonies over expansion into western territories

Poor Richard's Almanac

Benjamin Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice

Olaudah Equiano

(1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery at age 11, but was eventually freed and published a book about slavery and his experiences-his message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery

Stono Rebellion

a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's daily lives

Enlightenment

A movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

The First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; led by George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards; The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Jonathan Edwards' sermon denouncing humans as sinners saved only by the grace of God

Predestination

The Puritan belief that God had determined if a person would be saved (go to heaven) before birth.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies for possession of the Ohio Valley area; led to the end of Salutary Neglect.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, opposing British expansion into the western Ohio Valley; led to the Proclamation of 1763

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation, and placed blame on the king

Loyalists

Colonists who supported the British government during the American Revolution

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution; added to placate the anti-federalists

Federalists (political party)

Political Party led by Hamilton - pro-British; supported by the wealthy; pro-merchants and trade; Favored the National Bank; loose interpretation

Republican Wife and Mother

Post-revolutionary role for women to raise virtuous sons and provide a safe-haven at home for their husbands. The idea supported female education because better educated women will lead to better mothers which leads to better citizens.

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

The only successful black slave rebellion against the slave holders and the French empire; Strongly influenced by the American Revolution

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

Alien and Sedition Acts

Series of four laws enacted by President Adams and the Federalist Congress in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants, and silence critics.

National Bank

Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. It would regulate money and draw investors; but allowed the Federalists to stretch the Constitution.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry Pennsylvania farmers

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Considered a moral victory

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution because it led to French assistance.

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and statesman. He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

George III

King of England during the American Revolution

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Sugar Act

1764 act lowering the tax on molasses, but raising penalties for avoidance; colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Parliament

Britain's law-making assembly

Virginia Resolves

Patrick Henry's response to the Stamp Act that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies.

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence

Sons of Liberty

A radical organization for colonial independence formed to protest the Stamp Act; formed the Committees of Correspondence which spread information and promotted opposition to British policies; leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Stamp Act Congress

Held in New York; agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Townshend Duties

Popular name for the Revenue Act of 1767 which taxed glass, lead, paint, paper and tea entering the colonies

John Dickinson

Conservative leader who wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"; advocated for colonial rights but urged conciliation with England through the Olive Branch Petition; helped to write the Articles of Confederation.