Health Psychology Unit 1 Overview

Physical Health

The distinctive difference behind health psychology is its focus on ___________________

Physical

Health psychology used the principles and research methods of psychology to study and impact _______ health.

Health Psychology

The application of psychological principles and research to the enhancement of health and the prevention and treatment of illness. Focuses on how mental, emotional, and social factors affect a person’s well-being.

38

What division is health psychology within the APA

1978

When did health psychology become added as a division of the APA

Physical Health

Health psychology applies the principles and theories of psychology to _____________.

2001

Although formed in 1978 physical health did not become recognized as an outcome of health psychology until ___________.

Causal

Physical health didn’t become recognized as an outcome of health psychology until 23 years after health psychology became a field because of the lack of experimental and longitudinal research that showed a _______ relationship between psychological factors and physical health.

Interdisciplinary

Health psychology is one of the most ________________ fields in psychology

Interdisciplinary

Many of the founding psychologists of health psychology had backgrounds in other areas of psychology explaining the _______________nature of health psychology.

Clinical

Historically health psychologists have been trained in many other fields meaning that health psychology has been shaped by the influences of experimental, social, _________, counseling, developmental, and cognitive psychology.

Work

Health psychologists _________ in a variety of settings including academic, research, and practice for various institutions.

Biomedical Model

The model that maintains that illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic bodily processes such as biochemical imbalances or neurophysiological abnormalities. Sees health as physical health only. Dominant medical model until very recently.

Health

In 1948 the World Health Organization defined this as a complete state of social, mental, and physical well-being.

Social, mental, and physical

Modern definitions of health include which three components?

Biopsychosocial Model

The model which holds that there are biological, psychological, and social factors to health. These three components each contribute equally.

Bidirectional

The biopsychosocial model states that body, mind, and social aspects all impact each other constituting a _______________ relationship.

Connected

Mind and body are ____________ and both impact each other.

More Likely

The study done by Trivedi in 2004 showed that there was a strong positive correlation between having physical symptoms and having a mood disorder. Those with high levels of physical symptoms were also ________ to have a mood disorder.

Health behavior and prevention, stress and illness, psychosocial impact and management of illness

What are the three broad areas of health psychology?

Health Behavior and Prevention

The area of health psychology that focuses on the roles of behavior and how you can change it. How can we change behaviors to prevent or manage illness?

Stress and Illness

The area of psychology that focuses on pathways of how stress can lead to illness and what moderators exist.

Psychosocial impact and management of illness

The area of health psychology that studies what happens when people get illness and how they manage it, coping behaviors and caregiver health.

Patients, people with illness

Who is the sample for this health psychology question:

How do people behave when they become ill?

How do people behave when they become ill?

Studying how patients behave: who is taking their medications, who is following a diet?

People at risk for developing disease, people with poor behaviors

Who is the sample for this health psychology question:

Why do people become ill?

Why do people become ill?

Analyzing the life of people at risk for having disease. Are they stressed? Can we prevent causative behaviors?

Healthy People

Who is the sample for this health psychology question:

Why do people become ill?

How do people stay healthy?

This question is relatively new for health psychology and arose from the positive psychology movement. It studies what people who live long, healthy lives have in common and what they do well.

Chronic; acute

From 1900 to 2009/2013 _________________ became much more morbid than __________ disease.

Health psychology is especially important today as we are seeing the highest ocurences of _________ disease.

Chronic

In 2009 there were many more _____________ illness that ranked in the top causes of death than in 1900.

Youth

Although the rise of chronic diseases may be in-part due to an older population research shows that the risk of chronic disease in ___________ has also grown significantly.

60

Today we are seeing the highest occurrence of chronic disease with _________% of the population having a chronic disease.

Chronic

Health psychology is focused more on ____________- (chronic/acute) illnesses.

Chronic Illness

An illness that develops slowly over time and has no cure but may be managed.

Interaction

Chronic illness are often caused by an ___________ of factors such as genetics, behavioral components, and environmental components.

non-deterministic

Most of the major CI’s are ____________ meaning they are not caused soley by biological factors.

Non-deterministic

Not 100% related to biological factors; behavioral factors, mental factors like stress, and social factors like personality and social isolation.

Non-deterministic

Major chronic illnesses are __________ meaning that biology doesn’t guarantee the illness

Lifestyle

Health psychology is focused on ___________ behaviors and how social and psychological factors motivate these behaviors.

Habitual

Most of the time ___________ behaviors or long-term behaviors contribute more to health rather than one time actions.

Yes, one time behaviors like unprotected sex and getting vaccines can have lasting effects.

Can one time behaviors have life-long consequences?

Mind; body

Over the course of the years their has been a “tug of war” between the role of the ______ and the ___ in creating conditions of health and illness.

Mind; body

The historical roots of health psychology center on the changing views of the relationship between ______ and ________

Stone age

The age from prehistoric to 20,000 years ago.

Evil spirits

During the stone age, archaeologists and historians believe that people thought _________ caused illness.

Spiritual Possession

During the stone age there was believed to be a connection between the mind and the body as they believed that __________ __________ of the mind caused the body to fail and disease to result.

A whole was cut in the skull for the spirit to escape.

How was illness cured in the stone age?

Trephination

The practice of making holes in the skull so that evil spirits could leave.

Yes; 90+% were estimated to survive this treatment in the stone age

Did people survive trephination?

False; trephination was a practice that continued for may centuries

True or false: trephination only occured for a short period of time

More; sharper tools were used causing deeper wounds and infection occured in the hospitals

As time progressed trephination was used for more specific illnesses like chronic migraines or injuries and was done in primitive hospitals. Did this practice become more or less deadly?

Ancient Greeks and Romans

Period from 200-500 B.C. where the leading theory on health and illness was based on the humoral theory.

Hippocrates

An early physician and a pioneer of health psychology during the time of the Greeks and Romans

Hippocrates

This early physician developed the humoral theory

Humoral Theory

The theory that there are 4 humors or fluids within the body and that they must be in balance for a person to be in good health. Illness arises when the fluids are out of whack and the more out of balance they are the more severe the illness.

Unique

According to Hippocrates, we all have a _______ balance of humors —> his approach to treatment was very individualized.

Hippocrates

Who is dubbed the father of modern medicine?

He connected the body (levels of humors) to “emotionality” or personality which is a component of the mind; he believed in a mind body connection

Why is Hippocrates a pioneer in health psychology?

Mind-body

According to Hippocrates, differing levels of the humors resulted in different personalities. He believed in a __________-_________ connection.

Lifestyle

According to Hippocrates the first line of treatment was ____________ changes like diet and exercise.

Blood-letting

Hippocrates also used practices to change the balance of the humors such as substances to induce vomiting and _________ where blood was withdrawn from a part of the body.

Bloodletting

Withdrawing blood from a part of the body, a practice used to prevent or treat disease in the time of the ancient greeks and romans that persisted for many years.

No, bloodletting was harmful and killed a lot of people

Was bloodletting helpful?

Spiritual; empirical

The transition from the stone age to the Greeks and Romans meant a change from more _____________ beliefs of health and illness to more ____________ beliefs that were supported by observable, measurable events.

Hormones

The humoral theory does have connections today: when ___________ or other substances like blood nutrients and electrolytes are out of balance illness can arise.

Individualized

The humoral theory does have connections today: Hippocrates’ belief that we all have a unique composition of humors influenced our modern practice of __________ medicine.

Karkinos

Hippocrates also played a role in the naming of cancer, he termed it ___________ meaning crab because tumors could be hard like a crab, the painful pinch caused by tumors, and the tenacity of cancer in that it wouldn’t let go. Also, blood vessels infiltrate that look like the legs of a crab.

Cancer

After Hippocrates, cancer became known as ___________ which was the latin term for crab.

Oncos

The word oncology also had ancient origins with the word ____________ meaning masses.

Cancer

_________ treatment has come a long way; it used to be a death sentence, now as we continue to research it is becoming easier to catch, prevent, and treat.

Middle Ages

The time period from 476 to 1500 where the church dominated society and thinking surrounding health and the human body.

God’s wrath

In the Middle Ages what was believed to cause illness?

Dissections

The church dominated society in the Middle Ages and most of the physicians were also priests. The church forbid _____ meaning that there was very little inquiry into the human body

Repentance, morality, altruism, coming back to God, giving money to the church.

In the Middle Ages how was illness believed to be cured?

Religious or moral model

The model that believes illness is due to the wrath of a god and healing is achieved when you make amends with that god.

Renaissance

Beginning in the _______________ there was a more explicit separation of the body and the mind and the origin of illness was believed to be within the body.

Vesalius

The father of modern human anatomy

Vesalius

The Renaissance anatomist who performed many dissections and drew detailed depictions of the human body. He provided the most detailed work ever done up until that point, especially on the muscular and skeletal system.

On the fabric of the human body

Vesalius compiled the document called _______________ which was an extremely detailed depiction of the human body, used as references, and was used to train doctors.

Dualism

A common theory during the Renaissance time that the mind and body are separate, in fact, the mind can live on after the body dies.

Descartes

The renaissance figure believed that unlike the body the mind is not governed by the laws of nature and the mind could live on even if the body dies.

Cartesian Dualism

The subtype of dualism that says that the mind and body are mostly separate but could sometimes interact through a gland.

Pineal Gland

What gland did Descartes say the mind and body could interact through?

Descartes

Which philosopher believed that the mind and body were mostly separate but could sometimes interact. The body can at times take over the mind causing irrational behavior.

Body

Descartes believed that human and animal __________ are similar but the human mind is unique. The human mind is unique and can live on.

Separation

During the time of the renaissance most believed in an explicit _________ of the mind and body.

Post-Renaissance (1600s on)

The period where the biomedical model began to set in as the ideas of the Renaissance progressed and flourished and inventions and scientific advances focused research on the body.

Microscope

The invention of the _____________ in 1625 pointed scientists towards the role of microbes in illness and disease and led to the germ theory which implicated microbes like bacteria for illness.

Body

Scientific advances like the autopsy, x-ray, an anesthesia helped people explore the ____ and see biological implications of disease like diseased organs.

Biological Factors

What came to be seen as fundamental basis for diagnosis and treatment of illness in the post-renaissance period?

Mind

During the post renaissance period the body took precedence an little attention was given to the ________

Biomedical

The rise of the ___________ model came about during the post-renaissance period where the body was the primary focus rather than the mind.

Biology

During the 1900s some begin to question _____ as the sole basis for illness.

Sigmund Freud

A physician who later became interested in psychiatry as he began to examine patients with physical symptoms but nothing biologically wrong. He began to hypothesize that the cause of illness might be unconscious.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud developed the ______________ _______________ which implicated the unconscious (id, ego, super ego) and internal conflict as a cause of physical symptoms.

Conversion Hysteria

The concept developed by Freud was that repressed conflict and anxiety was being converted to physical symptoms. His patients were unaware of this unconscious conflict but the physical symptoms temporarily frees them from anxiety.

Helen Flanders Dunbar

The woman who coined the term psychosomatic medicine and worked to link personality to chronic illnesses.

Unconcious

Helen Flaners Dunbar worked with a prodigy of Freud but she differed from him because she didn’t focus on the role of the ______________ rather she looked at patterns of thought and behavior.