General Chemistry 1 Review

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering introductory chemistry concepts, matter, energy, atomic structure, and periodic trends.

__________ exposure refers to damage that occurs after a one-time, brief event.

Acute

__________ exposure refers to damage that occurs after long-term, repeated contact with a substance, such as smoking.

Chronic

The search for knowledge and facts through experiments is known as __________ science.

Pure

The use of knowledge in a practical way to create helpful things is called __________ science.

Applied

Data that describes characteristics or qualities and is not expressed in numbers is __________ data.

Qualitative

An educated prediction that can be tested through an experiment is a __________.

Hypothesis

A __________ explanation or conclusion based on observations and prior knowledge is called an inference.

logical

A __________ states what happens in nature, never changes, and is never violated.

Scientific Law

A __________ tries to explain why or how something happens based on current evidence.

Scientific Theory

A __________ is any substance used in or formed after a chemical reaction.

Chemical

The __________ states that mass cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Law of Conservation of Mass

__________ is the study of carbon-containing compounds.

Organic chemistry

The Greeks believed the world was made of four elements: Earth, Wind, Fire, and __________.

Water

The quest to change cheap metals into gold is known as __________.

Alchemy

__________ is the process of changing one substance into another, which is not possible for elements.

Transmutation

__________ is a measure of how hard gravity pulls on a mass.

Weight

Different physical forms of the same element, such as diamond and graphite, are called __________.

Allotropes

A __________ mixture, also called a solution, is evenly mixed throughout, such as brass or salt water.

Homogeneous

The method of separating liquids based on their different boiling points is called __________.

Distillation

An __________ property, such as density or boiling point, stays the same regardless of the amount of substance present.

Intensive

__________ properties, such as mass and volume, change based on how much matter is in the sample.

Extensive

Stored energy, such as that found in chemical bonds, is known as __________ energy.

Potential

__________ reactions absorb heat from their surroundings, making them feel colder.

Endothermic

The phase change from a solid directly to a gas is called __________.

Sublimation

A mole is a counting unit equal to __________ particles.

$$6.02 \times 10^{23}$$

The __________ is found inside the nucleus and provides stability to it.

Neutron ($n^0$)

The __________ is the number of protons and acts as the element's "ID card."

Atomic Number

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons is called a __________.

Cation

__________ are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Isotopes

The __________ states that atoms generally want 8 electrons in their outer shell to be stable.

Octet Rule

__________ proposed the Law of Definite Proportions, stating compounds always contain the same elements in fixed mass ratios.

Joseph Proust

The "Plum Pudding" model of the atom was proposed by __________.

Joseph John Thomson

The __________ experiment proved that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense, positive nucleus.

Gold Leaf

The __________ Principle states that the exact position and momentum of an electron cannot both be known simultaneously.

Heisenberg Uncertainty

When an electron absorbs energy and jumps to a higher level, it is in an __________ state.

Excited

According to the __________ Principle, electrons must fill the lowest energy orbitals first.

Aufbau

The 'p' sublevel contains 3 orbitals and can hold a maximum of __________ electrons.

$$6\,e^-$$

The modern periodic table is organized by increasing __________.

Atomic number

__________ are the vertical columns in the periodic table containing elements with similar chemical properties.

Groups

Group 1 elements are known as the __________.

Alkali Metals

The tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons is called __________.

Electronegativity

Atomic radius __________ as you move across a period (left to right) because more protons pull the electron cloud tighter.

decreases

The __________ effect occurs when inner electrons block the nucleus's pull on valence electrons, making them easier to remove.

Shielding