Adv. Physiology

___________ is the systematic investigation of specific problem

Research

____________ ___________: systematic approach used by researchers to test hypotheses and provide new scientific knowledge

Scientific Method

_____________ ____________: 6 steps, brief + comprehensive summary of research study, quickly informs readers about relevant background info, purpose, methods, main findings, + conclusions

Scientific Abstract

________________ ____________ __________

report original firsthand experimental data + study findings

• abstract

• intro

• methods

• results

• discussion

Primary Research Articles

_______________ ____________

summary + synthesis of multiple previously published studies by others on specific topic, no new data

Review Article

____________ _____________________

conversational updates delivered btw colleagues/lab members to share progress + gather quick feedback, discuss new topics, share ideas

Informal Presentations

_______________ ___________________

structured + highly polished academic deliveries intended to defend research, secure funding, decimate final findings to broader audience

Formal Presentations

Short Communications

• Concise

• High impact pitches to summarize complex research into brief accessible narrative for diverse audience

Grants: Specific Aims Page

1 pg executive summary of entire projects rationale, goals, + impact

Grants: Letter of Interest/Intent

Short administrative notification sent to funder stating plan to submit full app

Looks similar to specific aims page

Grants: Full Applications

comprehensive package containing detailed research plans, budget, institutional sign offs

_____________-_________________ research

• does not involve manipulation of experimental variable

  • descriptive studies

  • case studies

  • correlational investigations

______________________ research

• DOES involve manipulation of experimental variables

• can explain cause + effect

  • control group

  • independent + dependent variable

Basic Research

To generate knowledge of fundamental topics

Mechanistic

Applied Research

Solves Practical Problems

Applied to help people

informed by basic research

___________ _____________

• yearly score shows how often articles in academic journal are cited by other research

• shows relative importance

Impact Factor

Boolean Operators: OR

Broaden Searches

Increase Search Findings

Boolean Operators: Not

Excludes unwanted terms from search

Boolean Operators: And

combines search terms to ensure search results include all terms

“Americas Father Of Exercise Science “

George Wells Fitz

George Wells Fitz

• petitioned for rigorous scientific investigation of PA

• impatient at academic conferences

• “show me the evidence”

• 
  

____________ _________________ ___________________

• focal point in development of Ex Phys in US

• LJ Henderson

  • metabolism

  • environmental phys

  • clinical phys

  • aging

  • blood

  • PA

Harvard Fatigue Library

Homeostasis

maintenance of constant/unchanging internal environment

unstressed conditions

rest

Steady state

• balance btw demands placed on body + physiological response to those demands

• some physiological variable is unchanging over period of time

• not at resting

____________ __________ _____________

interconnected components maintain physical, chemical parameters at or near constant value

Biological Control System

Biological Control System

• sensor

• integrating center

• effector

________________ Feedback loop

• reverses initial disturbance

• most systems use

Negative

___________ feedback loop

• increases initial disturbance

positive

_________________ total of all cellular reactions in body

• synthesis of molecules

• breakdown of molecules

Metabolism

__________________ _____________ protective barrier btw interior of cell + extracellular fluid

Cell Membrane

_____________

genes regulate protein synthesis here

Nucleus

________________

• fluid portion of cell

• contains numerous organelles

Cytoplasm

___________ reaction

• requires energy to be added to reactants

  • endothermic

Endergonic reaction

_______________ reaction

• energy is released

• Exothermic

  • breakdown of glucose

Exergonic reaction

The breakdown of glucose is a _______________ rxn

Exergonic (exothermic)

Coupled Reactions

Liberation of energy from an exergonic reaction drives endergonic reaction

Oxidation reaction

Electron removed

more positive

Reduction reaction

electron is added

more negative

Oxidation reduction rxn

transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons

H atom contains 1 electron

molecule loses hydrogen = loses electron

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

NAD

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

FAD

__________ & ________ play an important role in transfer of electrons. Act as carrier molecules during bioenergetic reactions

NAD + FAD

___________ catalyze reactions (reaction happen quicker)

Enzymes

When enzymes catalyze reactions, they lower the ______________ ___________

activation energy

Kinase

Add phosphate group

Dehydrogenase

remove hydrogen atoms

Oxidase

catalyze oxidation reduction reactions

isomerase

rearrange atoms to form structural isomers

factors that affect enzyme activity

• temperature

• pH

When temps get too high

• denatures enzymes

• decrease activity

high intensity exercise decreases muscle ________

pH

3 main fuel sources for energy productions

carbohydrates - 4

fats - 9

proteins - 4

ATP is a

high energy phosphate

Immediate source of energy for muscular contractions

Adenosine triphosphate ATP

How is ATP a good source of energy

Forming ATP requires energy therefore breaking down ATP releases energy

T/F: Very little ATP stored in muscle cells

T

ATP —>

ADP + Pi + Energy

Formation of ATP

• PC Breakdown

• Degradation of Glucose + Glycogen

• Oxidative formation of ATP

PC Breakdown + Glycolysis are _______________ pathways

Anaerobic

Oxidative Phosphorylation is _______________ pathway

Aerobic

ATP - Phosphocreatine System

Simplest

most rapid source of ATP

________________

breakdown of glucose or glycogen to form 2 molecules of pyruvate/lactate

glycolysis

Glycolysis Energy Investment

needs 2 atp

Glycolysis: energy generation phase

4 ATP

2 NADH

2 Pyruvates / 2 Lactates

_____________ ________________ involves interaction of 2 metabolic pathways

oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative Phosphorylation consists of

• citric acid cycle

• ETC

________ ________ __________

completes oxidation of fuels

provides electrons for next step

Citric Acid Cycle

ETC

• generates energy by transporting electrons

• uses energy to produce ATP

Short term- High intensity

Greater anaerobic

Long term - mod intensity

greater aerobic

Marathon

100% Aerobic

100 M Dash

100% anaerobic

__________- ___ __________

• simplest

• most rapid source for ATP

• responsible for ATP prod at onset of exercise

• Responsible for ATP production at short term high intensity exercise

ATP-PC system

Enzyme involved in ATP-PC system

creatin kinase

Enzyme involved in Breakdown of ATP

ATPase

shorter length of time, more __________

Anaerobic

longer length of time, more ____________

Aerobic

responsible for ATP production during onset of exercise

ATP-PC system

Responsible for ATP production during short term high intensity exercise (seconds)

ATP-PC system

breaks down ATP

ATPase

Discovered phosphocreatine in muscle tissue proving it breaks down curing contraction

Phillip + Grace Eggleton

Cyrus Fiske + Yellapragada SubbaRow

Published similar observations truly identified substance as phosphocreatine

Determined that the energy necessary for work performed my muscle must originate from phosphocreatine breakdown not lactic acid

Einar Lundsgaard

Rodolfo Margaria

proved ATP-PC role in maximal power output in under 10 sec

Muscle biopsies to show rapid phosphocreatine depletion + resynthesis inside human skeletal muscle during intense exercise + recovery

Eric Hultman

Quantified how total depletion of muscle phosphocreatine closely correlates w point of exhaustion during maximal short duration cycling

Jan karlsson

Creatine loading

Significantly slowed VO2 response

Resulted in loower total O2 consumption

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place

Mitochondria

Two metabolic pathways involved in oxidative phosphorylation

citric acid cycle & ETC

provides NADH + FADH2

citric acid cycle

Generates ATP by transferring electrons from NADH & FADH along series of carriers

ETC

How does pyruvate enter mitochondria

through mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC)

Fats in Aerobic metabolism

Triglycerides + fatty acids

Protein in aerobic metabolism

amino acids