APUSH Ch. 33-34 Test Review

ABC-1 Agreement

Agreement between the US and Britain to "get Germany first" before worrying about Japan.

Executive Order 9066

FDR's order to place all Japanese Americans in Internment Camps

Korematsu v. U.S.

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

This authorized the federal government to seize industries and made strikes against government operated industry a criminal offense

Bracero Program

Plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms

'Code Talkers'

Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language

Zoot-Suit Riot

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

Detroit Riot

A series of riots that broke out in the summer of 1968 that led to the deaths of 43 people

Office of Scientific Research

This was responsible for improvements in radar and sonar and the development of "wonder drugs" such as penicillin that saved countless lives.

"Welfare-warfare state"

The idea that the US government, particularly during periods of economic hardship and international conflict, expanded its role to provide social welfare programs and also increased military spending, creating a state that was both a welfare state and a war-mongering state.

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.

Bataan Death March

Japanese forced about 60,000 of americans and philippines to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way

Corregidor

the island in the Philippines where a small force held out against the Japanese until May 1942

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Battle of the Coral Sea

A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

Alcan Highway

Constructed through Canada to help defend Alaska in case of an attack.

Guadalcanal

first U.S. land victory over the Japanese, 1943

'Leapfrogging'

The situation in which less developed countries use newer technology without first using the precursor technology.

Chester Nimitz

United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy (1885-1966)

"Turkey Shoot"

Air battle over Saipan where American's superior pilots really shined

"Suicide Cliff"

A mass suicide leap of surviving Japanese soldiers and civilians after the Marianas fell to the US attackers.

"Wolf Pack"

German submarines that traveled in groups in the North Atlantic Ocean to attack US ships and merchant ships.

Battle of the Atlantic

German attempt through use of submarines to cripple England

"The Desert Fox"

nickname given for German General Erwin Rommel; led German forces through North Africa

Bernard Montgomery

British General who cut off Rommel from advancing into Africa

El Alamein

Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. (p. 793)

Stalingrad

Decisive battle in German invasion of Russia, the Germans were surrounded and systemically destroyed

"Soft underbelly"

Winston Churchill's plan that attacked Italy so Germany could eventually be attacked from below.

"Unconditional surrender"

Giving up to an enemy without any demands or requests

Monte Cassino

Site of St. Benedict's large monastery.

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

Tehran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Normandy

A region in northwestern France on the English channel

Iron Ring

Used to support funnels and wire gauze/beakers

George Patton

Famous American General who fought in North Africa and Europe.

French 'underground'

The underground movement of French civilians who fought against Nazi Germans who occupied France during much of WWII. This well organized group killed many German's and assisted the Allied forces in any way possible.

Harry S. Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Thomas E. Dewey

the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948

"Blockbuster"

A film that is a big commercial success

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

"The silent service""

Hospitable, professional service delivered with a strong sense of anticipation.

"I have returned"

MacArthur's statement that he would return to the Philippines

Battle of Leyte Gulf

1944 World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan. Largest naval engagement in history. Japanese navy was defeated.

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Hiroshima

Japanese city that was hit with the first atomic bomb on August 6, 1945

V-J Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

London Economic Conference

A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis.

Cordell Hull

FDR's secretary of state, who promoted reciprocal trade agreements, especially with Latin America

Tydings-McDuffie Act

Act of 1934 that offered the Philippines independence after a tutelary period of ten more years.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

In 1934, Congress enacted a plan that would reduce tariffs for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for U.S. imports. (p. 524)

Rome-Berlin Axis

The alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler)

Tripartite Act

Agreement that created an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II

Johnson Debt Default Act

1934- prohibited any loans ( including private ones) to any government that had defaulted on its World War I debts to the United States

Gerald Nye

Senator from North Dakota, headed the Nye Committee to investigate munition manufacturers. He was an instigator of 1934 Senate hearings that castigated WWI munitions manufacturers as "merchants of death"

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

United States soldiers that went to fight against Franco's coup in Spain.

Quarantine Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Hitler-Stalin Pact

A letter sent from Stalin to Hitler in 1939, it gave Germany the permission to wage war on Poland, meaning an agreement of neutrality between the Soviet Union and Germany.

Lebenstraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Neutrality Act of 1939

European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

"Phony War"

Period of time after the German invasion of Poland that included little military operation in Europe

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Havana Conference

U.S. warned Germany it could not take over colonies in Americas; Americans called upon Latin American countries to uphold the Monroe Doctrine in response to prevent any fascist countries to make their way across the Atlantic

Pogroms

Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia

Josef Goebbels

German propaganda minister in Nazi Germany who persecuted the Jews (1897-1945)

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

War Refugee Board

Federal agency created in 1944 to try to help people threatened with murder by the Nazis

Robert A. Taft

Ohio senator and Republican candidate in the 1952 presidential election who had become the foremost spokesman for domestic conservatism and for a foreign policy that his enemies branded as isolationist.

Land-Lease Bill

Based on the motto, "Send guns, not sons," this law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers.

"Send guns, not sons"

Roosevelt's campaign slogan when running for his third term.

"Arsenal of democracy"

Referred to America's Ability to supply its European allies with war supplies prior to the U.S. entry into WWII.

Robin Moor

Unarmed US merchant ship torpedoed and destroyed by a German U-boat outside war zone; May 1941

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

"China Incident"

Incident in which Japan invaded China, and America stood by the side and watched it happen remaining neutral.

Pearl Harbor

Base in Hawaii that was bombed by Japan on December 7, 1941, which prompted America to enter the war.