KSU Bio 198 Exam 5

ATP

_____ is the main energy currency of the cell.

Exergonic

_______ reactions release energy.

C

A cell that is placed in an isotonic solution will:

A. shrink in size

B. increase in size

C. neither gain water or lose water

D. gain water

active transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane that requires the useof carrier molecules and the expenditure of energy is called ______________.

First

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another. This is the ______ Law of Thermodynamics.

chloroplast

Photosynthesis occurs in the ____________.

carbon dioxide

The by-products of cellular respiration are water and __________.

oxygen

A by-product of photosynthesis is ____________.

light

The end products of _______ reactions are ATP and NADPH.

blue and red

What part of the electromagnetic spectrum do chlorophyll pigments use?

dark

The end products of _______ reactions is PGAL.

unicellular

Prokaryotes are _________, though some form colonies.

extremophile

A microorganism that lives in conditions of extreme temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or chemical concentration.

halophiles

Extreme ___________ are organisms that live in extremely salty environments.

thermophiles

Extreme ___________ are organisms that live in extremely hot environments.

mitochondria

Cellular respiration occurs in _________.

cytosol

Glycolysis occurs in the ________.

hydrolysis

The energy to regenerate ATP comes from the ___________ of complex molecules, like glucose.

32 ATP

The overall final yield of the Electron transfer phosphorylation (or so called chemiosmotic phosphorylation) is __________.

cristae of mitochondrion

Electron transfer phosphorylation (or so called chemiosmotic phosphorylation) occurs in the ___________.

Phosphorylation

________________ is the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.

fermentation, cellular respiration

Yeast and many bacteria can survive using either anaerobic _____________ or aerobic _____________.

Pyruvate

_________ is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to 2 alternative catabolic routes.

Aerobic

Does aerobic or anaerobic cellular respiration produce more ATP?

hypha

What do you call the slender filaments found in a body of a multicellular fungus?

mycelium

What do you call the mass of filaments that make up the body of a fungus?

heterotrophic

Are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?

gills

Basidia are born on compacted hyphae referred to as ________.

nitrogen

Cyanobacteria is an example of a bacteria that can fix _________.

hydrolysis

What steps of the aerobic respiration pathway are used to break down fats and proteins?

Polymers

___________ must be broken down before a cell can use them as an energy source.

phototroph

A __________ makes its own food from light energy.

chemotroph

A __________ makes its own food from chemical energy.

inner membrane

The electron transport chain takes place in the __________ of the mitochondria.

acetyl-CoA

The output for the transition reaction is ____________.

pyruvic acid

The input for the transition reaction is ___________.

oxygen

Photosynthetic bacteria produce most of the __________ on the planet.

nitrogen

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria add organic ___________ to the environment for proteins and nucleic acids.

8

Fungi produce ___ new haploid cells.

energy

The purpose of cellular respiration is to turn ATP into __________.

fermentation

Cells use ________________ to regenerate NAD+ from NADH.

glycolysis

What is the first stage of aerobic respiration?

aceytl-CoA formation

What is the second stage of aerobic respiration?

Krebs cycle

What is the third stage of aerobic respiration?

electron transport chain

What is the last stage of aerobic respiration?

coccus

What name is used to describe prokaryotic cells that are spherical-shaped?

spirillum

What name is used to describe prokaryotic cells that are spiral-shaped?

energy

Many organisms can obtain _______ from biological molecules such as proteins and fats.

T

T of F: Some bacteria and archaea are primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems.

T

T of F: Some bacteria and archaea are primary producers in subterranean and hydrothermal vent ecosystems.

Yes

Do bacteria and archaea participate in nutrient cycling?

population size

Bacteria and archaea regulate _________ of various species by being pathogenic or beneficial.

No

Do fungi participate in nutrient cycling?

Yes

Can fungi be parasitic?

lichens

Some fungi form _______ with green algae and cyanobacteria.

No

Can fungi be primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems?

photoautotrophs

Bacteria and archaea are metabolically diverse and some can make their own food using energy from the sun. They are called _____________.

chemoautotrophs

Some bacteria and archaea can make their own food using energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. They are known as ____________.

chemoheterotrophs

Some bacteria and archaea derive energy from metabolizing complex organic compounds that they take in from the environment. Thus, they are called _________.

endocytosis

The process that moves large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides into a cell is called _____________.

exocytosis

The process that moves large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides out of a cell is called ____________.

aerobic

Does yeast produce more ATP molecules when carrying out aerobic or anaerobic fermentation?

ATP

Yeast produces more ______ molecules when carrying out aerobic fermentation.

cellular work

The ATP molecules that are produced from yeast carrying out fermentation are used for ______________.

photons

The electrons from water are boosted to a higher energy level by ______________, which are absorbed by P-680 of photosystem II.

NADPH

The "boosted" electrons passing through the electron transport chain are ultimately used to make ________ in photosystem I.

water

The electrons of what molecules are used in the electron transport chain to make NADPH?

I

In the electron transport chain, NADPH is made in photosystem ______.

photosystem II

During light reactions, plants produce oxygen when water donates electrons to ______________.

blue, red

The effective colors of light for photosynthesis are _____ and ________.

chlorophyll

Blue and red are effective colors of light for photosynthesis because they are absorbed by the ___________ molecules of the leaf cells.

T

T or F: You can measure photosynthesis by measuring the amount of ATP produced in light reactions.

T

T or F: You can measure photosynthesis by measuring the amount of carbohydrate in the plant leaves.

F

T or F: You can measure photosynthesis by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed.

T

T or F: You can measure photosynthesis by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide consumed.

T

T or F: You can measure photosynthesis by measuring the amount of oxygen produced.

oxygen

The energy used to generate most of the ATP in aerobic respiration is released when electrons are passed from NADH through the electron transport chain to end up in _________ molecules.

oxidized

If a reaction results in one molecule losing an electron and a second molecule gaining that electron, the electron donor is said to be _________.

osmosis

Diffusion does not require a selectively permeable membrane, but ________ does.

water

Diffusion is movement of many kinds of molecules whereas osmosis is movement of only _______ molecules.

Diffusion

_________ is the movement of molecules from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area.

Osmosis

_________ is movement of water molecules from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.

hypertonic

A _________ solution has high osmotic pressure.

hypotonic

A _________ solution has low osmotic pressure.

active transport

What is the movement of molecules from an area of their lower concentration to an area of their higher concentration with the help of energy released from hydrolysis of ATP and a transport protein?

granum

A _________ is a stack of thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast.

Hydrogen

_________ ions accumulate in the thylakoid space during electron transport between photosystems I and II.

stroma

Accumulated hydrogen ions move from the thylakoid space to the ______ through an ATP synthase complex that generates ATP.

T

T or F: The Calvin Cycle requires ATP.

T

T or F: The Calvin Cycle requires carbon dioxide.

F

T or F: The Calvin Cycle does not require RuBP.

F

T or F: The Calvin Cycle does not require NADPH.

dark

The Calvin Cycle is also referred to as a ______ reaction.

cytoplasm

Glycolysis occurs in the ___________.

mitochondria

Pyruvate converts to acetyl-CoA in the _________.

mitochondria

The Krebs Cycle occurs in the __________.

cytoplasm

Fermentation occurs in the ____________.

inner mitochondrial membrane

The electron transfer chain occurs in the ____________.

thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts

Photosystem I and II are located in the _______________.

exergonic

The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is an _________ reaction.