Ch 6/7 DNA and Gene Expression, Biotechnology

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64 Terms

1

DNA is composed of…

deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate, nitrogenous bases (A-T, C-G)

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2

In DNA, the sugar-phosphate part of nucleotides… (test question!)

makes the double helix backbone of the two strands

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3

In DNA, two strands of nucleotides are held together by…

hydrogen bonds between the bases, with specific base pairing (A-T, C-G)

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4

genome

an organism’s complete set of DNA

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5

chromosome

one or more unique pieces of DNA. DNA attaches to this

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6

gene

a specific sequence of DNA that codes for s specific protein

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7

locus

location of a gene on a chromosome

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8

alleles

different versions of a gene that occur at a specific locus and code for a specific trait

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9

trait

any single characteristic or feature of an organism

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10

DNA is the code, RNA decodes it through ____ .

transcription (def)

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11

a lot of DNA is “____”, containing repeats and fragments

noncoding

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12

introns

noncoding segments within coding segments

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13

genotype

the genes that an organism carries for a particular trait (ex. the specific “recipe” in a cookbook)

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14

phenotype

the physical manifestation/appearance of the genes for particular trains (ex. the food item made from the “recipe”)

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15

transcription (term)

a copy of gene’s base sequence is made

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16

translation (term)

the copy of a gene’s base sequence is used to direct the production of a polypeptide

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17

step 1 of transcription: recognize

RNA polymerase binds to a promoter site on a gene

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18

step 2 of transcription: transcribe

RNA polymerase makes a copy of the gene by using the base-pairing rules but substituting U for T (instead of A-T in DNA)

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19

step 3 of transcription: terminate

RNA stops making a copy when it encounters a stop code

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20

step 4 of transcription: cap and edit

the copy has extra bases added to the front (cap) and end (tail) to provide protection. Noncoding pieces are removed.

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21

transcription makes a copy called ____ , and after step 4 it moves out of the nucleus.

mRNA (def)

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22

transcription occurs in the…

nucleus

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23

start codon(s)

AUG

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24

stop codon(s)

UAA, UAG, UGA

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25

translation occurs at the…

ribosomes

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26

step 1 of translation: recognize and initiate

the ribosome and the tRNA carrying AUG (start codon) bind to the start sequence on the mRNA.

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27

step 2 of translation: elongate

the ribosome continues down the mRNA, binding tRNA and binding amino acids according to codons

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28

step 3 of translation: terminate

the ribosome will encounter a “stop” codon and the mRNA and completed protein will be released from the ribosome

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29

mRNA (term)

messenger RNA

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30

tRNA (term)

transfer RNA

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31

gene expression

the production of the protein that the genes sequence codes for

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32

gene regulation

whether a gene is turned on or off. Stops cancer.

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33

regulatory proteins

positive control: initiates or speeds up gene expression

negative control: slows or blocks gene expression

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34

operon

a group of several genes, along with the elements that control their expression as a unit

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35

promoter

where RNA polymerase binds during transcription

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36

operator

a regulatory region to which a repressor can bind

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37

regulatory gene

codes for the repressor that binds to the operator

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38

RNA polymerase

an enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription

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39

mutation

an alteration to the sequence of bases in DNA

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40

substitution mutations

“spelling” errors with the wrong base

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41

insertion mutations

an extra base

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42

deletion mutations

missing a base

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43

chromosomal aberration: deletion

gene missing

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44

chromosomal aberration: relocation

gene in the wrong place

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45

chromosomal aberration: duplication

extra copies of a gene

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46

primary causes of mutations

spontaneous, radiation induced, or chemical induced

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47

biotechnology

the use of technology to modify organisms, cells, and their molecules to achieve practical benefits

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48

modifying organisms: chop

cutting out and isolating a gene of interest using restriction enzymes

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49

modifying organisms: amplify

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) makes billions of identical copies of an isolated gene of interest

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50

modifying organisms: insert

using plasmids to transfer DNA from one organism to another. The gene of interest carried on the plasmid is transferred to a bacterial cell. Now in a living cell, the gene can be transcribed and translated to produce the protein product.

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51

modifying organisms: grow

creating a gene library. The bacteria are grown on nutrients, passing genes of interest along as they divide.

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52

CRISPR-CAS9

derived from a natural bacterial immune mechanism that “remembers” viral DNA and uses this precise gene information to cut up future viral invaders.

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53

genetic engineering

manipulation of a specie’s genome in ways that do not normally occur in nature

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54

recombined DNA technology

combination of DNA from two or more sources into a product

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GMO’s

genetically modified organisms. produced with recombinant DNA technology. AKA transgenic organisms

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56

transgenic organisms

modified organisms carrying gene(s) of interest

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57

human growth hormone (HGH)

stimulates growth and protein metabolism, can be used to treat dwarfism

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58

gene therapy

inserting a functional gene into an individual’s cells to replace a defective version of the gene. A difficult and complicated process.

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59

cloning

creating a new individual with a genome identical to the donor individuals

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60

DNA fingerprinting

99.9% of DNA from two individuals is the same. Short tandem repeats (STRs) are sequences of DNA that repeat over and over again. They occur in some of the most highly variable regions of an individual’s DNA. The number of STRs differs between individuals.

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61

Short tandem repeats (STRs) [likely test question]

are sequences of DNA that repeat over and over again. They occur in some of the most highly variable regions of an individual’s DNA.

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DNA polymerase

an enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands from a template

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