iupac

which Carbon Carbon bonds are represented in linear form

double double and single triple

what is sec and tert

connected to a carbon whose degree is 2 and 3 respectively

whats degree of carbon, hydrogen, alcoholm, amine, etc

degree of carbon is the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon
degree of hydrogen/alcohol/amine/etc is the degree of carbon of the carbon bonded with the hydrogen/alcohol/amine/etc

hybridization formulas with respect to bond angle

1.) hybridization = sp^i

2.) i=-sectheta

3.) i=%pchaacter/%scharacter = pcharacter/scharacter

4.) %sch + %pch = 100

5.) sch + pch = 1

whats the measurement for unsaturation of a hydrocarbon, what are its names. formula

double bond equivalence/ degree of unsaturation/ index of hydrogen defficiency is the number of moles of hydrogen required to convert 1 mole of hydrocarbon to a saturated hydrocarbon

DBE = 2*n_carbon + 2 - n_hydrogen - n_monovalent - 2*n_divalent - 3*n_trivalent

classification of hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons

-acyclic(aliphatic)-(straight/branched)

—saturated-alkanes

—unsaturated-alkenes,alekynes,alkadienes,alkenynes

—alkadienes - isolated, cumulated, conjugated

-cyclic

—homocyclic (carbocyclic)

— -alicyclic - cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, cycloalkadienes

— -aromatic

—heterocyclic

— -alicyclic

— -aromatic

all root words

meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec, undec, dudec, tridec, tetradec, pentadec, hexadec, heptadec, octadec, nonadec, icos

principal chain formation

1.) must have highest priority functional group

2.) then as many functional groups as possible

3.) then as many double/triple bonds as possible (double > triple if tie)

4.) then as many carbon atoms as possible

5.) then as many branches as possible

6.) then lowest numbers to highest priority ( functional groups, multiple bonds, branches, halogens, nitro,nitroso)

7.) then lowest possible sum

name all halogns and side substituents. and naming

prefixes

-Br - bromo

-Cl - chloro

-F - fluoro

-I - iodo

-NO2 - nitro

-NO - ntroso

-O-R - alk(R)oxy

carboxylic acid

-c=O -O-H

suffix

“oic acid” inc C

“carboxylicacid” without C
preffix

“carboxyl” without C

sulphonic acid

-SO3H

suffix

“sulphonicacid”

preffix

“sulpho”

acid anhydride

R1=O -O- O=R2

suffix

if R1=R2, alk(R1)anoicanhydride

if R1≠R2, alk(R1)anoicalk(R2)anoicanhydride

numbering for complex substituents

bis, tris, tetrakis, pentakis

enthane joined to mainchain by single bond

enthene joined to mainchain by single bond
enthyne joined to mainchain by single bond

ethyl

ethenyl

ethynyl

ethyl

ethenyl

ethynyl

enthane joined to mainchain by single bond

enthene joined to mainchain by single bond
enthyne joined to mainchain by single bond

esters and its parts

R1-O O=-R2

suffix

alk(R1)ylalk(R1)oate inc C

alk(R1)ylalk(R1)carboxylate without C

ester parts

R2-O O=-R

alk(R)oyloxy R2

R2=O -O-R

alk(R)oxycarbonyl R2-1 without C

acid halide

R-C-=O X

X ≠ fluorine generally

suffix

alk(R+1)oylhalide inc C

alk(R)carbonylhalide without C

preffix

halocarbonyl without C

haloformyl with C

acid amide

R-C-=O NH2

suffix

alk(R+1)amide inc C

alk(R)carbamide without C

alk(R)carboxyamide without C

preffix

carbamoyl without C

N names for 1 2 3 bonds

usual

N-alkylusual

N,N-dialkylusual or N-alkyl1-N-alkylusual

cyanide

R-C-N

suffix

ak(R+1)nitrile inc C

alk(R)carbonitrile without C

preffix

cyano without C

isocyanide

R-N-C

suffix

alk(R)isonitrile without C

preffix

isocyano

aldehyde

R-C-=O H

suffix

alk(R+1)al inc C

alk(R)carbaldehyde without C

preffix

formyl without C

oxo inc C

ketone

R1-C-=O R2

suffix

alk(R1+1+R2)one inc C

preffix

keto without C

oxo inc C

alcohol

R-O-H

suffix

alk(R)ol

preffix hydroxyl

thialcohol

R-S-H

suffix

alk(R)thiol

preffix

mercapto

Amine

R-NH2 1 degree amine

R1-NH-R2 2 degree amine

R1-N-R2 -R3 3 degree amine

suffix

amine

preffix

amino

different degree amines are _____

different

benzene types

1.) benzene

2.) benzene ….. phenyl

3.) benze - CH2….. bunzyl

4.) benzene - CH double benzal

5.) benzene - C triple benzo

iso neo and exceptions

CH(CH3)2- iso group

C(CH3)3- neo group

iso/neo alk(all C atoms)

exceptions

isooctane

C(CH3)3-CH2-CH(CH3)2

alphabet rules

iso,neo follow

name/rootword follow

di tri ….. bis tris …. not follow for simple sustituents

but follow for within brackets

sec tert not follow

ethane connected by double bond

ethylene

ethylene

ethane connected by double bond

bicyclo

bicyclo[a,b,c]

a=no of C in largest chain

b=no of C in smaller chain

c=no of C in smallest chain

a>b>c

numbering from either of the two connecting atoms to the larger chain and the other connecting atom and then the smaller chain and then the smallest chain

total no of C atoms = a+b+c+2

spiro

spiro[a,b]

a=no of C atoms in smallest chain

b=no of C atoms in largest chain

a<b

numbering begins from either of the smallest chain first atoms and then to the connecting atom and then to the largest chain.

total no of C atoms = a+b+1