Ethnocentrism and Statistical Analysis in Research

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's culture.

Multiculturalism

Policy promoting equal cultural traditions.

Quantitative Approach

Focus on numerical data and statistical analysis.

Qualitative Approach

Focus on understanding subjective experiences.

Nomothetic Research

Study of general laws applicable to groups.

Hypothetico-Deductive Process

Testing hypotheses through empirical observation.

Proposition

Statement predicting relationships between variables.

Survey Method

Data collection through questionnaires or interviews.

Operationalization

Transforming concepts into measurable variables.

Instrumentalization

Creating tools for measuring variables.

Empirical Deduction

Process of deriving conclusions from observations.

Class

Social stratification based on economic status.

Gender

Social roles associated with being male or female.

Education

Formal instruction and learning experiences.

Ethnocentric Attitude

Prejudice against other cultures based on one's own.

Hypothesis

Expected relationship between variables in research.

Instrument 1

Survey questionnaire for data collection.

Scale (0-10)

Measurement scale for assessing ethnocentrism levels.

Literate

Ability to read and write.

Illiterate

Inability to read and write.

Annual Family Income

Total income of a family in a year.

Years of Schooling

Total years spent in formal education.

Measurement

Applying an instrument to quantify attributes.

Instrumentalization

Process of defining and measuring variables.

Codebook

Document detailing the coding plan for data.

Data

Results from observations across multiple cases.

Dataset/Database

Matrix of variables and cases with numerical data.

Statistics

Numbers used to analyze and summarize data.

Descriptive Statistics

Summarizes data without generalizing beyond the sample.

Inferential Statistics

Makes generalizations from a sample to a population.

Parametric Statistics

Assumes specific population parameters for analysis.

Non-parametric Statistics

Does not assume population parameters for analysis.

Levels of Measurement

Hierarchical classification of data measurement types.

Nominal Variables

Qualitative categories without numerical value or order.

Ordinal Variables

Ranked qualitative categories without precise measurement.

Interval Variables

Quantitative data with defined intervals but no absolute zero.

Ratio Variables

Quantitative data with defined intervals and absolute zero.

Aggregation

Combining multiple observations into a single dataset.

Quantitative Research

Research focused on numerical data and statistical analysis.

Variables

Attributes or characteristics measured in research.

Observations

Data collected from respondents or cases.

Statistical Techniques

Methods used for analyzing and interpreting data.

Frequency Distribution

Summary of how often each value occurs.

Data Matrix

Organized structure of variables and cases.

Summary Statements

Concise descriptions derived from large data sets.

IQ Test Score

Not a ratio; cannot perform multiplication.

Interval Measurement

Allows mathematical operations without true zero.

Ratio Level of Measurement

Includes true zero; allows all arithmetic operations.

Nominal Variables

Categorical; no order or interval; discrete categories.

Ordinal Variables

Categorical; ordered but no fixed interval.

Interval Variables

Ordered; fixed intervals; no true zero.

Continuous Variables

Can take any value within a range.

Categorical Variables

Classify observations by qualities or characteristics.

Discrete Variables

Distinct values; cannot be divided further.

Descriptive Research

Focuses on summarizing data characteristics.

Inferential Research

Draws conclusions from sample data.

Key Question 1

Descriptive or inferential issue in research?

Key Question 2

How many variables are analyzed simultaneously?

Key Question 3

What is the measurement level of variables?

Equivalence in Measurement Levels

All levels confirm equivalence of observations.

Ordered in Measurement Levels

Ordinal, interval, and ratio levels show order.

Fixed Interval

Only interval and ratio levels have fixed intervals.

Real Zero

Only ratio level of measurement has real zero.

Qualitative Variables

Another term for categorical variables.

Quantitative Variables

Another term for continuous variables.

Arithmetic Operations

Applicable to interval and ratio levels only.

Nominal

Categorical variables with no inherent order.

Ordinal

Variables that can be ranked in order.

Interval/Ratio

Variables with meaningful intervals and ratios.

Descriptive Statistics

Summarizes data without generalizing beyond sample.

Inferential Statistics

Makes generalizations about a population from a sample.

Single Nominal Variable

Analyzed descriptively or inferentially in various situations.

Single Ordinal Variable

Analyzed descriptively or inferentially in various situations.

Single Interval/Ratio Variable

Analyzed descriptively or inferentially in various situations.

Two Nominal Variables

Analyzed descriptively or inferentially simultaneously.

One Nominal and One Ordinal Variable

Analyzed descriptively or inferentially.

One Nominal/Ordinal and One Interval/Ratio Variable

Analyzed descriptively or inferentially.

Two Interval/Ratio Variables

Analyzed descriptively or inferentially.

Three or More Nominal Variables

Analyzed descriptively or inferentially.

Nominal and Two Ordinal Variables

Analyzed descriptively or inferentially.

Nominal/Ordinal and Two Interval/Ratio Variables

Analyzed descriptively or inferentially.

Statistics

Mathematical language for analyzing and summarizing data.

Data Presentation

Organizing data using charts, tables, and graphs.

Hypothesis Testing

Method to determine statistical significance in inferential statistics.

Exhaustiveness

All possible categories are represented in nominal measures.

Mutual Exclusiveness

Categories in nominal measures cannot overlap.

Rank-ordering

Establishing a sequence in ordinal measures.

Ordinal measures

Rank-order attributes beyond nominal qualities.

Education

Highest level of formal education completed.

Income

Individual income from all sources in last 12 months.

Interval measures

Rank-ordered with equal distances between attributes.

True zero

A meaningful zero point indicating absence.

Ratio measures

Includes nominal, ordinal, interval, and true zero.

Continuous variables

Can take any value between two points.

Discrete variables

Have distinct, separate values like 1, 2, 3.

Descriptive statistics

Summarizes data characteristics without inference.

Inferential statistics

Makes predictions or inferences about a population.

One variable analysis

Analyzing a single variable at a time.

Two variables analysis

Analyzing two variables simultaneously.

Three or more variables

Analyzing multiple variables at once.