Demography Flashcards

Flashcards about demography, including life expectancy, fertility, migration, and urbanization.

What is the life span?

The maximum age a human can live.

What is life expectancy?

A statistical average of how many years a person born today is expected to live based on current age-specific death rates.

What is crude death rate?

Measures the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population per year; it does not account for the age structure of the population.

What is age-specific death rate?

The number of deaths in a specific age group divided by the population of that age group; used in life tables.

What is a life table?

Models the mortality experience of a population using probabilities and rates.

What is rectangularization of mortality?

Mortality occurs in a narrow band of old ages.

What is a Lexis diagram?

A demographic tool used to visualize how age, period (calendar year), and cohort (year of birth) intersect.

What is fecundity?

Biological ability to reproduce.

What is fertility?

Actual childbearing behavior, shaped by social, cultural, and economic factors.

What is crude birth rate?

The number of births per 1,000 people in the population; a 'crude' measure because it doesn’t account for the age and sex distribution.

What is general fertility rate?

Births per 1,000 women aged 15–44 in a given year.

What is age-specific fertility rate?

Births per 1,000 women in a specific 5-year age group.

What is total fertility rate?

The sum of age-specific fertility rates multiplied by 5; indicates the average number of children a woman would have if current rates remained constant.

What is gross reproduction rate (GRR)?

Average number of daughters a woman would have if she survived through her childbearing years.

What is net reproduction rate (NRR)?

Same as GRR, but adjusts for mortality—how many daughters are expected to survive and replace the mother.

What is intergenerational wealth flow?

Children are economic assets in pre-transition societies, leading to higher fertility.

What is social contact and diffusion?

Fertility declines spread geographically and culturally through the diffusion of ideas.

How does being married relate to fertility?

Being married increases exposure to intercourse, impacting fertility.

How does contraceptive use relate to fertility?

The use of contraception leads to lower fertility rates.

How does induced abortion relate to fertility?

Acts as a fertility-limiting practice.

What is postpartum infecundability?

Breastfeeding can delay the return of fertility.

What was the first Great Migration?

African Americans moving from the South to Northern/Midwestern cities, motivated by escape from racial violence, low wages, and new factory jobs from 1910-1940

What was the second Great Migration?

Triggered by the WWII economic boom and Civil Rights activism from 1940-1970; Black veterans sought better treatment and opportunity outside the South.

What is the demographic effect of immigration?

The primary driver of U.S. population growth and diversity.

What was the Bracero Program (1942–1964)?

Recruited Mexican farm laborers during WWII.

What is redlining?

A discriminatory housing practice started in the 1930s where risky neighborhoods, mostly Black neighborhoods, were outlined in red, leading to long-term disinvestment.

What are the requirements for a Metropolitan Statistical Area?

A core urban area with ≥ 50,000 people and a population density of ≥ 1,000 people/sq. mile