Conquest Of Lands

BIO202

Plants Originate from

Protists

Charophyceans

Protist Ancestor

Cellulose

Constituent of plant cell walls

Plasmodesmata

Channel that allows communication/specialization of plant cells

Apical Meristem

Regions of cell division (Where plants grow)

Embryo

Earliest stage of Development

Matrotrophy

Zygotes remain sheltered/fed in gametophyte tissue

Spores

Dry, air resistant reproductive cell

Sporopollenin walled spores

Tough material that composes walls of plant spores, prevents cellular damage during air transport

Sporangia

Structure where spores are produced

Gametangia

Structure that protects developing gametes from drying out and microbial attack.

Gamete

Sperm and Eggs

Antheridia

Round/elongated gametangia producing sperm

Archegonia

Flask shaped gametangia enclosing an egg

First critical innovations of land plants

Embryos

First feature of Embryophytes

Multicellular snd Diploid

Second feature of Embryophytes

Zygotes and Embryos retained in maternal tissue

Third Feature of Embryophytes

Organic and mineral materials are supplied by mother plant

Where is Placental Transfer Tissue Found?

In gametophyte tissue close to embryos or in embryos

Bryophyte

Liverworts, Hornworts, and moses

Bryophytes lack

True leaves, stems, and roots

Sporophyte generations are advantageous because

it allows a single plant to disperse widely

Xylem

Conducts water and dissolves nutrients

Phloem

Conducts sugar and metabolic products

Rhizoids

Structure that functions like a root in support/absorption

Lignin

Waterproofing material found in cell walls of tracheids

Tracheid

Elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants

What does Tracheid transport?

Transports water and mineral salts

Vascular Tissue

In major plant organs; stems roots and leaves

Roots do what?

Uptakes water and minerals from environment

Stems contain?

Xylem and phloem

Leaves function?

Photosynthesis

Rhizome

Horizontal stem found underground sending roots and shoots from nodes

Waxy Cuticle

On most surfaces of vascular plant sporophytes

Wax prevents

Dessication

Cutin

Helps prevent pathogen attacks

Cutin is found

in cuticle

Lycophyll/microphyll

Unbranched strand f vascular tissue

Euphylls

leaves with multiple veins, branching on or more times in leaf.

Lyctophytes produce simplest

Ancient leaves called lycophylls/microphylls

Lyctophyte and Pteridophyte are limited by

Dry Conditions

Vascular Plant Sporophytes depend on

maternal gametophytes

Gynosperms reproduce by using

Spores and Seeds

Gynosperms pertain to

Cycads, ginkgos, and conifers

“Naked Seeds”

Not enclosed by fruit

Angiosperms have

Flowers and endosperm

Flowers

Specialized to enhance seed production

Fruits come from

Flowers

Fruits

Encloses the seed and fosters seed dispersal

Endosperm

Nutritive seed tissue increases storage efficiency

Land was bare except for

cyanobacteria crusts

Plants help in : 1

Development of substantial soils

Plants help in : 2

Evolution of modern plants

Plants help in : 3

Animals colonizing land

Molecular/Fossil data reaveal

the order plants appeared

Liverworts and mosses produce

decay-resistant body tissue

Byrophytes store

CO2

Sphagnum grows slower/absorbs less CO2 in

cooler condition

Sphagnum grows faster/absorbs more CO2 in

warmer conditions

Sphagnum

Shaggy looking, moisture loving moss

Peat Deposit

Accumulation of partially decayed vegitation or organic material

Desiccation

Removal of moisture

Ecology

Relations of organisms to one another and their environment

Phagocytosis

remove pathogens and cell debris. One cell engulfing the other

Plastid

Small organells

Germination

Sprouting of seed, spore or other reproductive body

Zygote

Diploid cell resulting from fusion 2 haploid gamets

Meiosis

Cell division in sexually reproducing organisms; reducing number of chromosomes in gametes

Mitosis

Cell replicates and splits