English Grammar Handbook Review

Comprehensive practice flashcards based on English Grammar Handbook (Elementary & Middle School) covering tenses, conditionals, syntax, and vocabulary.

Adjective

A word used to describe or supplement information about a noun to help understand characteristics, states, or properties (e.g., 'famous singer').

Adverb

A word that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, identifying the manner or intensity of an action (e.g., 'sings extremely well').

Countable Nouns

Nouns representing objects, people, or ideas that can be counted, categorized into singular (one book) and plural (two books).

Uncountable Nouns

Nouns referring to substances, abstract concepts, or phenomena that cannot be used with count numbers and are treated as singular (e.g., 'water', 'information', 'news').

Modal Verbs

Auxiliary verbs placed before a main verb to modify its meaning, such as 'can', 'could', 'must', 'should', and 'might'.

Subject-Verb Agreement

The flexible change of the verb ($V$) based on the subject ($S$), ensuring singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs.

Comparative Comparison

A structure used to compare two subjects, using the form $Adj\_er/Adv\_er + than$ for short words or $more + Adj/Adv + than$ for long words.

Superlative Comparison

A structure identifying the highest degree among three or more items, using $the + Adj\_est/Adv\_est$ or $the\,most + Adj/Adv$.

Gerund (V-ing)

A verb form and noun-equivalent used as a subject, complement (after 'be'), after prepositions, or after specific verbs like 'avoid', 'enjoy', or 'suggest'.

Infinitive (To-V)

The base form of a verb often used to express purpose, plans, or as a subject/object (e.g., 'To become a teacher is my dream').

Zero Conditional

Used to express general truths or obvious facts using the structure: $If + S + V(s/es), S + V(s/es)$, where 'if' can be replaced by 'when'.

Type 1 Conditional

Describes hypotheses that are possible in the present or future: $If + S + V(s/es), S + will/can/may + V-inf$.

Type 2 Conditional

Describes hypothetical or unreal situations in the present: $If + S + V-ed, S + would/could/might + V-inf$, using 'were' for all subjects.

Type 3 Conditional

Expresses hypothetical conditions in the past that did not happen: $If + S + had + V_{p2}, S + would/could/might + have + V_{p2}$.

Mixed Conditional

Expresses a past hypothesis with a present result, typically combining the 'if' clause of Type 3 and the main clause of Type 2.

Present Perfect

A tense describing actions started in the past that continue to the present or have just finished, using the structure $S + have/has + V_{p2}$.

Past Continuous

Expresses actions happening at a specific point in the past or actions interrupted by another event: $S + was/were + V-ing$.

Passive Voice

A sentence structure shifting focus from the doer to the object receiving the action: $S(O) + be + V_{p2} + (by\,O)$.

Reported Speech

Also called Indirect Speech, it is used to narrate the words of another person, often requiring tense shifting (backshifting) and pronoun changes.

Conjunctions

Words like 'and', 'but', 'because', and 'although' used to connect words, phrases, or clauses together.

Tag Question

A short question attached to the end of a statement to confirm information, usually using the opposite polarity (positive statement, negative tag).

Relative Clause

A clause beginning with relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that, whose) or adverbs (where, when, why) used to provide more information about a preceding noun.

Inversion

The reversal of standard subject and verb positions, used for emphasis after negative adverbs or structures like 'Not only… but also'.

Idiom

A established group of words with a figurative meaning not deducible from individual words (e.g., 'A piece of cake' meaning 'an easy task').

Phrasal Verb

A combination of a verb and a particle (preposition or adverb) that yields a new meaning (e.g., 'give up' meaning 'quit' or 'stop').

Irregular Verbs

Verbs that do not form the past tense by adding '-ed' but have unique Past and Past Participle forms (e.g., 'go', 'went', 'gone').