BH 1ST TEST

Imaging Science

multidisciplinary field, visualization of things; detectable/undetectable by human eye

30

How many shades of gray can a human visual system detect?

Scanning Electron Microscopy

SEM meaning

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

STEM meaning

Asbestos

• is a group of naturally occurring, fibrous silicate minerals

• used as snow props in old times

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

FMRI meaning

Computer Sciences

plays a familiar role in the workflow of radiology department

Anti Kythera Mechanism

• Oldest analog computer

• Hand powered

Archeologist Valerios Stais

Who discovered the Anti Kythera Mechanism in 1901?

Abacus

• Dated 4th century BC

• Ancient civilizations

• Counting aid

Analytical Machine

• Features ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

• Steam powered, operated through punch cards

Charles Babbage

• Invented the Analytical Machine

• Father of Computer

George Boole

He invented Logic Gates

Mark I

It's capable of 5 arithmetic operations per second

Howard Aiken

He invented Mark I

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator

ENIAC meaning

ENIAC

• Fully electronic digital computer

• 5,000 arithmetic

J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchly

They invented ENIAC in 1946

Vacuum Tubes

Can alter the voltage

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

EDVAC meaning

John Van Neumann

Suggested that memories can be coded as numbers

William Shockley

He invented the transistor/semi-conductor in 1948

Transistor/ Semiconductor

A switch that can alter/inhibit the flow of electricity

Silicone

Germanium

2 Substance/elements in semi-conductors

Universal Automatic Computer

UNIVAC I meaning

UNIVAC I

• mass produced

• 1st commercially available computer

• Vacuum Tubes and transistor

Algorithm

• Concise instruction for specific task

• Iterative reconstruction

• Backfilter projection

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• Interprets & executes instruction

• Heart of computer

MIPS (Million Instruction Per Second)

• Quantify how strong is the CPU

• Unit: Hertz

Microcomputers

• One single microprocessor

• Can fit on a desktop

Mainframe & Supercomputers

Has thousands of microprocessor

Input/Output Device

• Peripherals I/O

• Transmit data

Video Display Terminal

VDT meaning

Dumb Terminal

Only used for input/receiving data

Intelligent Terminal

Simple processing but no substantial memory storage

• Internal vs External

• Primary vs Secondary

• Volatile vs Non-Volatile

• RAM (Random Access Memory) vs ROM (Read Only Memory)

TYPES OF MEMORY

Basic Input Output System

BIOS meaning

Matrix

Pattern in cells out of rows & columns

Pixel

• Each cell within a digital image

• “Picture – element” computer

DELS/Dexels

• Detector element

• Inside image receptor

• Hardware/detector

Modulation Transfer Function

MTF meaning

Spatial Domain

Where spatial location processing occurs

Frequency Domain

Where frequency processing occurs

Image Filtering

includes smoothing, sharpening, removing noise, edge detection

• Low pass filter

• High pass filter

IMAGE FILTERING HAS 2 FUNCTIONS

Low pass filter

• tells computer to keep the low frequencies in image

• Filters high frequency

• In console, it's known as “smoothing”

High pass filter

Edge enhancement, increase in detail

Data

• Collection of individual facts

• No meaning

Information

Facts with context interpreted

Social Science

How we use & manage information including the technology behind it

Paul Otlet & Henri La Fontaine

discovered Documentation Science, a recording & retrieval of information

Information Technology

The study or use of systems for storing, retrieving, sending info

Biomedical Informatics

Particularly deals with biological & medical

Preprocessing

• Inherit to the system

• Influenced by the editor

• “Acquisition processing”

• Image connections

Postprocessing

• All manipulation & adjustment of the digital image

• 
  

“Refinement of the image” / Image refinement

Normalization

Initial round of default process to make an image appear “normal”

FAT CAT

place the thicker side of the patient to the cathode

Interpolation

Estimation of a value within 2 known values, adjacent use dexels

Extrapolation

Estimation of a value based on extending a known sequence

Photon

Basic unit of light

Medical Imaging Informatics

Encompasses the life cycle of medical images

Hospital Information System

HIS meaning

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

DICOM meaning

PACS

Medical image management system

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

• Breaks data into small parts

• Checks errors

• Puts them back together