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Vocabulary flashcards covering attachment types, major parenting styles, their dimensional framework, cultural considerations, and practical implications.
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Secure Attachment (Type B) mother
Bond formed when caregivers are consistently warm, sensitive and responsive, leading children to feel safe and confidently explore their environment.
Emotionally available
Sensitive, supportive
Consistent in responsiveness across all contexts.
Impact on child:
Feels safe → confidently explores environment.
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment (Type A) mother
Pattern that develops with emotionally distant or rejecting caregiving;
children appear indifferent, suppress distress and avoid seeking comfort.
Slow to respond when child is distressed.
Child presentation:
Appears uncaring/ indifferent;
suppresses need expression.
Insecure-Anxious / Ambivalent Attachment (Type C) mother
Attachment style arising from inconsistent caregiver responsiveness;
children display high anxiety,
intense protest on separation and
difficulty calming.
Inconsistent responsiveness → unpredictability for infant.
Can be strict in some contexts, indulgent in others.
Example given:
Mother allows child to jump on lounge at home, but smacks child for jumping on a seat in public transport.
Child presentation:
High anxiety; intense protest when caregiver leaves, difficulty calming.
Disorganised Attachment
Confused, contradictory child behaviour linked to unpredictable, frightening or abusive caregiving,
often involving neglect or substance misuse.
➢Unpredictable, frightened or frightening
Often linked with abuse, neglect, or parental substance misuse (drug/alcohol).
Child presentation:
Confused, contradictory behaviours; may freeze, approach then avoid.
Authoritative Parenting
High responsiveness and high demandingness; parents set clear rules yet respect the child’s views, using reasoning and balanced warmth with firmness.
Responding to each others’ needs= reciprocal
Can assert authority but can also be kind / compassionate
Show respect for child’s opinion
Authoritarian Parenting
Low responsiveness and high demandingness; emphasis on obedience,
one-way power assertion (“because I said so”) with limited warmth or dialogue.
Use of power balance between him and child & dominance to control child
Obedience and respect for authority
Demand a lot from child but don’t give much back
Low responsiveness; high demandingness.
Emphasises obedience; limited verbal exchange.
“Because I said so” ethos; little warmth.
Indulgent (Permissive) Parenting
High responsiveness and low demandingness;
parents are overly lenient,
satisfy the child’s desires,
enforce few rules and
act more like friends.
Child the boss
No control on their child, child make own decisions whenever
Parents meet demands of child -> permissive parents
Core: Child-centred dominance.
Traits:
High responsiveness; low demandingness.
Child’s desires routinely satisfied;.
Uninvolved (Neglectful) Parenting Maccoby and Martin
Own needs above child’s
Neglectful
Low responsiveness & low demandingness.
Parent disengaged; minimal interaction or support.
Responsiveness (Warmth)
Dimension of parenting reflecting emotional availability, support and sensitivity to a child’s needs.
Demandingness (Control)
Parenting dimension involving expectations, rule-setting and consistent discipline to guide behaviour.
Baumrind’s Three Styles (1967)
Authoritative, Authoritarian and Indulgent categories proposed to explain how parental behaviour affects child development.
Maccoby & Martin Expansion (1983)
Model that added the Uninvolved style and mapped all four styles onto the orthogonal dimensions of responsiveness and demandingness.
Consistency & Emotional Availability
Key caregiving qualities shown to foster secure attachment; unpredictability undermines attachment security.
Parenting Interventions
Programs aimed at increasing caregiver warmth and setting reasonable expectations, often combined with social supports (e.g., substance-abuse treatment).
Cultural Influence on Parenting
Recognition that norms (e.g., obedience vs autonomy) shape preferred styles, yet high physical discipline across cultures is linked to greater child aggression and anxiety.
Developmental outcomes authoritive
High academic performance
High social competence
Low problem behaviours
developmental outcomes Authoritarian
High obedience / conformity
High stress
Low problem behaviour
Low self esteem
Developmental outcomes indulgent
High self confidence
High school misconduct due to no rules
High substance abuse
Low self control
Developmentally outcome uninvolved
High social problems
Low social competence
Low school and work effort
Low self esteem
Aggressive
Guidance approach To raise children
arents help child to manage emotions corporate with others think of effects of their behaviour on others
Role if culture in parenting
culture place a huge role in which parenting ] style is more effective/appropriate
However, all countries higher use of physical discipline of children was associated with more aggression and anxiety
Are you cultural societies usually value obedience more than autonomy or independence?
Chinese mothers were more psychologically controlling than American