Chapter2&3 Biology

What are the essential conditions needed for life to exist?

Source of energy, availability of liquid water, and the ability to survive in hostile environments.

List the characteristics of a living thing.

Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, equilibrium (homeostasis), excretion, and nutrition.

What does the cell theory state?

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, all living things are made of one or more cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes are unicellular and lack a nucleus, while eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular and possess a nucleus.

Name the two types of prokaryotes.

Archaebacteria (unicellular) and Eubacteria (unicellular).

What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes?

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Fill in the blank: Plant cells have a __________, a large vacuole, and chloroplasts, while animal cells have centrosomes and lysosomes.

cell wall

What are the functions of the nucleus?

Stores DNA and controls cell activities.

What is the role of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis; they are not membrane-bound.

Differentiate between rough ER and smooth ER.

Rough ER has ribosomes and helps process proteins, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes and produces lipids.

What is the main function of mitochondria?

Energy production (ATP) and it contains its own DNA.

What is the function of lysosomes?

They digest waste and are only found in animal cells.

What shapes increase surface area to volume ratio for better absorption?

Flattened or elongated shapes.

What components make up the plasma membrane?

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

What does the fluid mosaic model describe?

The structure of the plasma membrane composed of phospholipids and proteins providing flexibility.

What is passive transport?

The movement of substances across a membrane without the use of energy.

Define osmosis.

The passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

What is the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions?

Hypertonic has a higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing it to shrink, while hypotonic has a lower solute concentration outside, causing it to swell.

What is active transport?

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

What are the two types of bulk transport?

Exocytosis (out of the cell) and Endocytosis (into the cell).

What is phagocytosis?

The engulfing of solid material, such as bacteria, by cells.

What is pinocytosis?

The engulfing of liquid material by cells.