Biology Honors -- Unit 1 Introduction to Biology

Seven Properties of Living Things

→ order

→ reproduction

→ growth and development

→ energy processing

→ regulation

→ response to the environment

→ evolutionary adaptation

Order

→ having living cells that are organized

→ liver cells do liver cell things, liver cell in brain is bad idea

Reproduction

→ creating offspring through sexual or aesexual reproduction

→ having babies

Growth and Development

→ changing and growing

→ teenagers

Energy Processing

→ every chemical reaction keeping the body alive

→ digestion

Regulation

→ everything in balance for survival

→ homeostasis

Response to the Environment

→ reactivity

→ moving hand away from fire

Evolutionary Adaption

→ change over time

→ color of wolf pelts changing

Three Domains of Life

→ bacteria

→ archaea

→ eukarya

Domain Bacteria

→ prokaryotes

→ no nuclear membrane

→ eubacteria

Domain Archaea

→ prokaryotic

→ no nuclear membrane

→ old, old, old, old

Domain Eukarya

→ all eukaryotes

Kingdoms within Domain Eukarya

→ animalia

→ plantae

→ fungi

→ protistia

Animalia

→ animals

→ energy from plants or other animals

Plantae

→ plants

→ energy from photosynthesis, unless its carnivorous

Fungi

→ fungi

→ energy from decomposing

Protistia

→ eukaryotes that do not belong elsewhere

→ energy from photosynthesis and decomposition

Extremeophile

→ a microorganism that enjoys/lives in extreme conditions

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

→ prokaryotes have no nucleus

→ eukaryotes have a nucleus

Levels of the Hierarchy of Life

→ biosphere

→ ecosystem

→ community

→ population

→ organism

Biosphere

→ all life on earth

Ecosystem

→ all living and nonliving things in an area

Community

→ all organisms in one area

Population

→ one species in an area

Organism

→ a single individual

Emergent Properties

→ new properties arise at each level of organization

Impact of Emergent Properties

→ life is studied as a system and not in isolated parts

Controlled Experiment

→ only one variable tested while others are held constant

Independent Variable

→ manipulated

Dependent Variable

→ measured

Steps of the Scientific Method

→ observe

→ make a hypothesis

→ predict the consequences if the hypothesis is right

→ experiment/test

→ data analysis and conclusion

→ communication

Five Unifying Themes of Biology

→ evolution is the core theme

→ life depends on the flow of information

→ structure and function are related

→ life depends on the transfer and transformation of energy and matter

→ life depends on interactions within and between systems

Charles Darwin

→ a marine biologist on a boat

→ stumbled upon the theory of evolution

On the Origin of Species

→ 1859

→ written by Darwin

Natural Selection

→ organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfuly than organisms that lack these traits

Artificial Selection

→ breeding organisms for specific traits

Role of DNA

→ a set of instructions that direct the body on how to live

DNA

→ carries genetic information

→ deoxyribonucleic acid

Structure of DNA

→ double spiral

→ A and T, C and G

Gene

→ unit of inheritance

Structure and Function

→ structure begets function

Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem

sun → producers → chemical energy in food → consumers → outflow of heat

Producer

→ an organism that produces organic compounds from simple substances such as water and carbon dioxide

→ autotroph

Consumer

→ an organism that derives the organic compounds and energy it needs from the consumption of other organisms

→ heterotroph

Photosynthesis

→ process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water

Decomposers

→ an organism that decomposes organic material

Sunlight

→ the form that energy usually enters an ecosystem

Systems Biology

→ to understand the interactions between biological systems and predict behavior in living organisms

Ocular/Eyepiece

→ you look through this

Objective Lens

→ used to change magnification

Stage

→ flat surface

Mechanical Stage Knob

→ moves the slide

Coarse and Fine focus

→ helps focus the slide

Condenser Lens

→ underneath the stage

→ used to focus light from the lamp

Diaphragm

→ used for adjusting the amount of light coming through the slide

Lamp

→ emits light

Base and Arm

→ support for the microscope

→ base is the bottom

→ arm is the framework

Qualitative Data

→ data without numbers

Quantitative data

→ data with numbers

Always carry the Microscope Using the

→ arm and base

Total Lowest Magnification

→ 40X

Inductive Reasoning

→ a belief or theory that has been reached using logic

Control Group Importance

→ need to be comparison

Animals that don’t adapt will end up…

extinct