(B) Canine and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders

what breeds are most commonly associated with Facial Nerve Paralysis (5)

1. Cocker spaniels

2. Boxers

3. English setters

4. Corgis

5. DLH cats

what causes facial nerve paralysis (5)

1. Secondary to otitis media/interna

2. Trauma

3. Foreign bodies

4. Neoplasia

5. Hypothyroidism Idiopathic

clinical signs of facial nerve paralysis (10)

1. paralysis

2. Drooping of the ear and lip on affected side of face

3. Sialosis

4. salivation

5. Loss of palpebral

6. loss of menace reflex

7. Deviation of the nose

8. Food stored in the paralyzed side of the mouth

9. May develop secondary KCS (dry eye)

10. Lip paralysis

define Sialosis

a chronic, non-inflammatory, and non-cancerous enlargement of the major salivary glands

why do patients with facial nerve paralysis develop KCS

because of damage to the nerves that pass to the lacrimal gland.

KCS stands for

keratoconjunctivitis sicca

keratoconjunctivitis sicca common name is

dry eye

how to diagnose facial nerve paralysis (5)

1. Biopsy of affected facial nerves

2. Electrodiagnostic

3. Otoscopic exam to rule out middle/inner ear disease

4. Radiographs to examine for middle/inner ear disease

5. MRI/CT scan to evaluate for neoplasia

In facial nerve paralysis, Biopsy of affected facial nerves show …

degeneration of myelinated fibres

how to treat facial nerve paralysis (6)

1. Treat any middle or inner ear disease

2. Treat KCS if it develops

3. can try corticosteroids

4. Radiation for tumors

5. Artificial tears to affected eye help prevent corneal dryness

6. Keep the oral cavity clear of food

define guarded

the outcome of a patient's illness or injury is uncertain and could still get worse

define Polyneuropathy

Damage to peripheral nerves that may occur on more than one area of the body.

what causes polyneuropathy (11)

1. Secondary to Diabetes Mellitus in cats

2. Axonal degeneration

3. emyelination

4. damage to the femoral nerve

5. Hypothyroidism in dogs

6. Hyperadrenocorticism in dogs

7. Insulinoma

8. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

9. Organophosphate toxicity

10. Hereditary

11. idiopathic

define emyelination

the loss or damage of the myelin sheath

common name for Hyperadrenocorticism

cushings disease

define Insulinoma

pancreatic tumor that excretes excess insulin and results in hypoglycemia.

SLE stands for

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

define Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

immune system attacks its own tissues and causes damage and inflammation

examples of Organophosphate toxicity (2)

1. insecticides

2. some medications

clinical signs of (general) polyneuropathy (10)

1. Lower Motor Neuron signs

2. Limb ataxia

3. sensory loss

4. gait change

5. paralysis

6. Flaccid muscles

7. Progressive weakness

8. Muscle atrophy

9. Decreased spinal reflexes

10. Paresis

Clinical Signs of Polyneuropathy in Dogs with Hypothyroidism have the cranial nerve signs of (5)

1. head tilt

2. Facial paralysis

3. Strabismus

4. Nystagmus

5. Circling

define Strabismus

eyes are pointing in weird directions

how to diagnose polyneuropathy (1)

biopsy peripheral nerves

how to treat polyneuropathy with the cause being Diabetes mellitus

Daily insulin injections

how to treat polyneuropathy with the cause being Hypothyroidism

Daily levothyroxine

how to treat polyneuropathy with the cause being SLE

Daily immunosuppressive doses of steroids

how to treat polyneuropathy with the cause being idopathic

none

how to treat polyneuropathy in general

Correct the underlying disease process

common name of Polyradioculoneuritis

Coonhound Paralysis

scientific name for Coonhound Paralysis

Polyradioculoneuritis

clinical signs Polyradioculoneuritis (10)

1. hind end weakness

2. paralysis

3. flaccid tetraplegia

4. Remain alert

5. absence of spinal reflexes

6. loss of voice

7. dyspnea

8. death

9. inability to lift head

10. Paralysis

Symptoms typically appear — -- — days after exposure to a raccoon

7 - 14 days

how to diagnose Polyradioculoneuritis (3)

1. Lower motor neuron signs

2. History of raccoon exposure

3. history of antigenic stimulation

how to treat Polyradioculoneuritis (3)

1. Supportive care

2. Corticosteroids may be beneficial

3. Support ventilation

what does supportive care look like for (3)

1. Flipping animal to prevent further nerve and muscle damage

2. physical therapy

3. urinary catheterization

what causes tick paralysis

tick bites

what ticks cause tick paralysis (2)

1. Dermacentor variabilis

2. Dermacentor andersoni

common name for

Dermacentor variabilis

common name for

Rocky Mountain Wood Tick

what kind of animal is resistant to tick paralysis

cats

how does tick paralysis occur (like how does it actually occur)

Female tick produces a salivary neurotoxin that interfere with acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions

clinical signs for tick paralysis (12)

1. change or loss of voice

2. laryngeal paresis

3. hind limb incoordination

4. changes in breathing pattern

5. regurgitation

6. vomiting

7. pupillary dilation

8. Ascending paralysis

9. Within 24-72 hours dogs become recumbent

10. Loss of reflexes

11. have sensation

12. dysphasia

clinical signs of Ascending paralysis (4)

1. hind end ataxia

2. aspiration pneumonia

3. Regurgitation

4. Loss of thermoregulation

define dysphasia

a language disorder caused by brain damage that affects a person's ability to produce, understand, or process spoken and written words

what are the 4 stages of tick paralysis

1. Stage 1 - the dog’s voice is changed, dog is weakened but can still walk and stand.

2. stage 2 - the dog cannot walk but can stand.

3. stage 3 - the dog cannot stand but can right.

4. stage 4 - the dog cannot right.

what 2 stages indicate a poor prognosis in 30% of cases

stage 3 and 4

how to diagnose tick paralysis (3)

1. Presence of a tick on patient

2. history

3. geographical region patient lives in

how to treat tick paralysis (3)

1. Removal of ticks

2. Tick antiserum

3. Supportive care

define Tick antiserum

immune serum against the toxin

define Laryngeal Paralysis

Loss of function in the nerve that controls the larynx

what are the 4 forms of laryngeal paralysis

1. hereditary

2. acquired

3. idiopathic

4. Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy

the hereditary form of laryngeal paralysis is most common in what breeds (7)

1. Bouvier des Flandres

2. Dalmations

3. Rottweilers

4. American Staffordshire Terriers

5. Black Russian Terriers

6. Siberian Huskies

7. Labrador retrievers

what causes acquired Laryngeal paralysis (5)

Can occur from

1. lead poisoning

2. rabies

3. trauma

4. tumors

5. inflammation to the vagus nerve

— male dogs (and cats) more often get idiopathic laryngeal paralysis

Neutered

what does GOLPP stand for

Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy

when does hereditary laryngeal paralysis occur (range)

4 - 6 months

when does acquired laryngeal paralysis occur (range)

1.5 - 13 years of age

clinical signs of laryngeal paralysis (10)

1. Inspiratory stridor

2. Heat intolerance

3. Regurgitation

4. Coughing and gagging

5. Respiratory distress

6. Loss of endurance

7. Voice change

8. Dyspnea

9. Cyanosis

10. Complete respiratory collapse

how to diagnose laryngeal paralysis (3)

1. Neurological examination

2. Laryngoscopy

3. DNA tests

how to conservatively treat laryngeal paralysis (6)

1. stress reduction

2. limiting exercise

3. limiting exposure to heat

4. using harnesses

5. weight loss

6. physical rehabilitation

how to surgical treat laryngeal paralysis (3)

1. Arytenoidectomy

2. Arytenoid lateralization (Tie-back)

3. Removal of the vocal folds

define Arytenoidectomy

a surgical procedure that completely or partially removes one or both arytenoid cartilages in the larynx (voice box) to widen the airway

define Arytenoid lateralization

a surgical procedure that permanently widens the airway in the larynx (voice box)