Period 3 APUSH

Seven Years' War (French and Indian)

– War between Britain and France in America; Britain won but gained debt, leading to taxes.

French-Indian trade networks

– French traded fur with Native Americans, building alliances.

Revenue

– Money the government collects, often from taxes.

Taxation without representation

Colonists were taxed by Britain but had no vote in Parliament.

Enlightenment –

A movement promoting reason, science, and natural rights.

Individual rights –

Basic freedoms all people have, like life and liberty.

Benjamin Franklin –

Patriot leader who helped unite colonies and secure French support in the war.

Patriot movement –

Colonists who wanted independence from Britain.

Loyalists –

Colonists who stayed loyal to Britain during the Revolutio

Colonial militias – Local volunteer soldiers who fought the British.

Local volunteer soldiers who fought the British.

Continental Army –

Official American army led by George Washington.

George Washington –

First president and commander of the Continental Army.

Republican government –

Power comes from the people through elected leaders.

Natural rights –

Rights people are born with, like life, liberty, and property.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense –

Pamphlet that convinced many colonists to support independence.

Declaration of Independence –

1776 document declaring U.S. independence from Britain.

American Revolution –

War between Britain and the colonies for American independence.

Abolition of slavery –

Movement to end slavery, began gaining traction in the North.

Republican motherhood –

Idea that women should teach their children to be good citizens.

French, Haitian & Latin American Revolutions –

Inspired by American ideals of freedom and rights.

State constitutions –

Each state made its own rules, often with limited government power.

Articles of Confederation –

First U.S. government; weak national power, no taxes or army.

Constitutional Convention –

1787 meeting to fix the Articles, ended up writing the Constitution.

The Constitution –

Supreme U.S. law that created a stronger federal government.

Federalism –

System where power is shared between states and national government.

Separation of powers –

Government split into three branches to avoid tyranny.

Three branches of government –

Legislative (makes laws), Executive (enforces), Judicial (interprets).

Slavery compromises –

Constitution allowed slavery to continue (3/5 Compromise, slave trade until 1808).

Federalists –

Supported the Constitution and a strong national government.

Anti-Federalists –

Opposed the Constitution, wanted more state power and a Bill of Rights

Federalist Papers –

Essays defending the Constitution, written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay.

Alexander Hamilton –

Federalist who pushed for a strong national government and a bank

James Madison –

"Father of the Constitution" and co-author of the Federalist Papers.

Bill of Rights –

First 10 amendments to protect individual freedoms.

George Washington –

Set many presidential traditions, warned against political parties and foreign alliances.

John Adams –

2nd president; faced political divisions and foreign tensions.

Precedents –

Traditions started by Washington, like two terms and a cabinet.

Federalist Party –

Wanted strong national government and supported Britain.

Democratic-Republican Party –

Favored states’ rights and supported France.

Thomas Jefferson – .

Author of the Declaration, Democratic-Republican leader, 3rd president

Slavery expansion in deep South – Cotton farming led to more slavery in new southern lands.

Cotton farming led to more slavery in new southern lands.

Northwest Ordinance (ban on slavery) – Banned slavery in new northern territories; plan for new states.

Banned slavery in new northern territories; plan for new states.

California missions –

Spanish religious settlements to convert Native Americans.

Neutral trade rights –

U.S. wanted to trade freely without picking sides in foreign wars.

George Washington’s “Farewell Address” –

Warned against parties, foreign alliances, and sectionalism.