Historical Interpretations

U3: Russian Revolution AOS2

‘The _________ ___ became for them the _________ __________ _______ __________

• _______ _____

‘The machine gun became for them the principal instrument of political persuasion.’

• Richard Pipes

‘The Bolsheviks ___ ______ __ ____ ____________ __ ______ to … subjugate a society they could not control by other means’

• _________ ______

‘The Bolsheviks were forced to turn increasingly to terror to … subjugate a society they could not control by other means’

• Orlando Figes

The Reds were viewed as ___ ______ ____ by Russians, granting them ______ _______ ___ _______ __________ by society.’

• ______ ___________

The Reds were viewed as ‘the lesser evil’ by Russians, granting them ‘active support and passive acceptance by society.’

• Shelia Fitzpatrick

‘Terror was ___ _ _________ ________ … but a ____________ _______ designed to nip in the bud any thoughts of resistance’

• _______ _____

‘Terror was not a reluctant response … but a prophylactic measure designed to nip in the bud any thoughts of resistance’

• Richard Pipes

The Bolsheviks thought __________ __ __________ ___ _________ as ‘there was a ______ ___________ ___ _______ ______ in their thinking.

• ______ ___________

The Bolsheviks thought ‘transition to communism was imminent’ as ‘there was a wildly impractical and utopian streak’ in their thinking.

• Shelia Fitzpatrick

In 1921, Russia was __ ___ _____ __ _ ___ __________ and the NEP was _ _________ ___ __ ____ ___ ____ __ ______ __________

• _______ _____

In 1921, Russia was ‘on the verge of a new revolution’ and the NEP was ‘a desperate bid to stem the tide of popular revolution.’

• Orlando Figes

‘As with the policy it replaced, NEP was intended by Lenin primarily __ ____ ________ ______ ____ ___ ____.’

• _______ _____

‘As with the policy it replaced, NEP was intended by Lenin primarily to meet Russia’s urgent need for food.’

• Michael Lynch

The NEP was __ ___________ ________ __ _________ ________ _____________ and its __________ ______ … ___ _____ ___ ________

• ______ ____________

The NEP was ‘an improvised response to desperate economic circumstances’ and its ‘beneficial impact...was swift and dramatic.’

• Sheila Fitzpatrick

‘The Communist regime was _ __________ _______ it _________ __ ___ _____ ____ - _______ __ _____

• _______ ______

‘The Communist regime was a monumental failure it succeeded in one thing only - staying in power’

Richard Pipes

Despite all the problems, the Soviet regime ________ _ ______ __ _________, ________, ___ ________ ___________

• ______ _______

Despite all the problems, the Soviet regime retained a vision of political, economic, and cultural betterment’

Robert Service