Small Animal Tech Skills Final

60-120 bpm

What is the resting range of bpm for a dog?

120-140 bpm

What is the resting range of bpm for a dog?

10-34 bpm

What is the normal resting respiratory range for a dog?

16-40 bpm

What is the normal resting respiratory range for a cat?

100-102.5 degrees

What is the normal temperature range for both the dog and cat?

Grade 1

Which grade heart murmur is classified as very quiet, only audible after listening for several seconds?

Grade 2

Which grade heart murmur is classified as quiet, but can be heard immediately?

Grade 3

Which grade heart murmur is classified as moderate intensity, easily audible?

Grade 4

What heart murmur is classified as louder than the normal heart sounds?

Grade 5

What heart murmur is classified as loud, can be detected by feeling the chest wall (known as precordial thrill)?

Grade 6

What heart murmur is classified as very loud, audible without actually placing the stethoscope on the body wall?

Liver and kidneys

Which organs should you not be able to feel in a healthy dog when palpating the abdomen?

• Submandibular

• Prescapular

• Axillary

• Inguinal

• Popliteal

Which lymph nodes should you feel for when performing a physical exam?

• Rabies

• DA2PP (distemper, hepatitis, canine parvovirus, and parainfluenza)

• FVRCP (feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and feline panleukopenia)

What are the core vaccines in dogs and cats?

• Longer procedure times

• Increased stress on the animal

• Higher chance of injury for the animal and the team member

What are the consequences of improper restraint?

• Irritable or pain induced aggression

• Maternal aggression

• Predatory aggression (usually not a problem for the animal handler)

• Territorial aggression

• Fear induced aggression

• Inter male aggression

• Dominance aggression

When assessing and perceiving the behavior of an animal what are the types of aggressive behavior?

Frontline plus

A preventative for fleas and ticks and is used for dogs and cats.

Advantage multi

A preventative for

Dogs: heart worms, fleas, roundworm, hookworm, whip worm, sarcoptic mange

Cats: heart worms, fleas, ear mites, roundworms, hookworms

Nextgard

A preventative that is for fleas and ticks for dogs.

Comfortis

A preventative that is for dogs and cats and only fleas.

Trifexis

A preventative for dogs that is for heart worms, fleas, hookworm, roundworm, whip worm

Heart gard

A preventative that is for

• Dogs: heart worms, roundworms, hookworms

  • Cat: heart worms, hookworms

Revolution

A preventative that is for

• Dogs: heart worms, fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange, ticks

• Cat: heartworms, fleas, ear mites, roundworms, hookworms

The cat will not benefit from being vaccinated against the disease if it already has is. The FELV is an antigen test and will no interfere with the test. FIV is an antibody test, and the vaccine will interfere with the test. This is why we recommend microchipping the animal.

Why do test the cat before FELV or FIV?

Jugular venipuncture

Which venipuncture site should be avoided in patients with sever coagulopathy?

• Monitor respiratory function

• Assess oxygenation during the diagnostic evaluation of polycythemia

  • Assess acid-base status in seriously ill patient

Why do we collect blood from arteries?

Thoracic inlet

Where should you occlude for jugular venipuncture?

True

True or False: air bubbles will change blood gas volumes when collecting from an artery?

Medial saphenous vein

What is the preferred venipuncture sight for a cat?

Demodex Mites

This type of mange is found most likely in lesion on the face and feet in dogs, can be focal or generalized, lies deep in the hair follicles.

Sarcoptic Mange

This type of make is most likely to be found on the animal’s pressure points like the hocks, elbows, as well as the ear margins, most of the dogs that are affected are extremely pruritic.

So there is not as much contamination from the lower urinary tract and external genitalia

Why do we want to collect mid stream when performing a free catch?

To detect the stage of estrous in the female and DIFF QUICK Stain

Why do we do vaginal cytology and which stain do we use for it?

• When there is discharge from the ears

• When there is a large amount of black debris in the ears

• When you have a patient with chronic ear infections

  • When you have an ear infection not responding to treatments

What are some indication for ear swab/cytology?

• Animals that come in for a yearly physical

• Puppies and kitten should get fecal exams at every check-up

• Any dog or cat that comes in with GI symptoms

• If the animal has a mass, traumatic injury, or anything questionable around the rectum it may be better to ask before you proceed

Who should we perform a fecal on?

• Bleeding disorder

• Potential pyrometers or prostatic abscess

• Bladder cancer

• Urinary outflow obstructions

What are some contraindications of a cystocentesis?

Jugular vein

Which blood collection site should you use when collection for a CBC, serum chem test?

10-20 mmHg

What is the normal intraocular pressure with a Tonopen?

5 mmHg

There should never be more than how many mmHg between eyes?

15 mm/min

What is the normal value of a Schiller test for a dog?

5 mm/min

What is the normal value of a Schiller test for a cat?

Yes it is normal it is a learned response

Is it normal for a puppy not to have a menace response?

Endothelium

This is the innermost layer of the cornea it is composed of one single layer of cells and it separates the cornea from the anterior portion of the eye?

Stroma

This accounts for 90% of total thickness of the cornea, the fibers in this layer contribute to the corneal transparency?

Proparacaine

This medication anesthetizes the eye.

Tropicamide

This medication diamantés the pupil.

Hyphema

This mean blood in the eye; bleeding in the front (or anterior chamber) of the eye between the cornea and the iris.

Ciliary body

This is the ring-shaped structure behind the iris.

Nicitating membrane

This is known as the third eyelid; responsible for producing at least 35-40% of the tears for the eye?

• Cataracts: develop rapidly in diabetic patients, the lens absorbs glucose from the eye fluids, using most of this for its own energy needs. When there is excess sugar in the eye fluids, there is excess sorbitol produced. Sorbitol pulls water into the lens which in turn disrupts lens clarity and causes the cataract.

• Lenticular sclerosis: caused by normal aging change

What is the difference in a cataract and lenticular sclerosis?

Yes, they are caused by diabetes

Is there a relationship between cataracts and endocrine disease?

Gingivitis

What does grade 1 for dental disease consist of?

Gingivitis and Plaque

What does grade 2 for dental disease consist of?

Gingivitis, Plaque, and Calculus

What does grade 3 for dental disease consist of?

Gingivitis, Plaque, Calculus, Root Exposure, and/or Mobile Teeth

What does grade 4 for dental disease consist of?

Liver, Heart, Kidneys

Which organs are related to periodontal disease?

Scissors bite

What is is called for a normal occlusion?

Crown

The portion of the tooth we see when we look in the mouth?

Cervical portion

Where the crown meets the gum (neck)?

Root

The portion of the tooth that is found in the bone of the maxilla and mandible?

Enamel

Hardest substance in the body 96% inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals, magnesium formed by ameloblasts

Dentin

Extends entire vertical length of tooth 70% inorganic/30% organic produced through-out lifetime?

• 1: right maxillary

• 2: left maxillary

• 3: left mandibular

• 4: right mandibular

Name the quadrants of the mouth?

Class I malocclusions

Malocclusions: jaw length is correct, but one or more teeth are in abnormal position, which may result in attrition or palatial trauma.

Class II malocclusions

Malocclusions: mandible is shorter than maxilla

Class III malocclusions

Malocclusions: maxilla is relatively shorter then mandible

Crossbite

May be Rostral or caudal with one o r more incisors positioned incorrectly, not allowing normal occlusion

Boxers, Pugs, or Boston Terriers

Which 2 breeds have a normal malocclusion class III?

1-3 mm in a healthy mouth

What is the normal periodontal pocket depth in a dog?

1mm in a healthy mouth

What is the normal periodontal pocket depth in a cat?

Lymphocytic Plasmacytic Stomatitis

This is diffuse inflammation of the entire oral cavity and is most common in cats.

Resorptive Lesions

This is lesions that are found at cervical line/cementoenamel junction/neck; gingiva is inflamed over affected area of tooth.

Masticating Myositis

This is a disease where immune system form antibodies toward specific component of myosin found only in muscles of mastication: temporal, massager, and/or pterygoid muscles

Jaw Fractures

This is the most common type of jaw fracture in the cat and can be mended using cerclage wire around mandible directly caudal to canine teeth.

Type A

What blood type would you use on a patient with an AB blood type, but AB blood isn’t available? (Cat)

Type B being transfused with type A

Which blood type reaction is the most serious?

• A (most common)

• B (uncommon)

• AB (very rare)

• Mik (newly discovered in DSH)

What are the blood types for cats?

When blood typing is unavailable, and in dogs that have had previous transfusions

When is crossmatching recommended in cats?

Immunologic reaction

This reactions are associated with antibodies that are directed at the RBC antigens, and they can usually be avoided by appropriate blood typing/crossmatching before administration.

Nonimmunologic reactions

This reactions are typically due to inadequate donor screening; incorrect collection, storage, and/or administration of blood products.

• every 4-8 weeks

• 450 mls

How often can a dog be used for blood donation?

How much can be taken?

• every 4-8 weeks

• 40-60 mL

How often can a cat be used for blood donation?

How much can be taken?

Jugular vein

What is the preferred collection site for blood donation?

Every 5 minutes

How often should the patient be monitored within the first hour of transfusion?

• every 6 hours with 1-2 mls

• Heparinized 0.9% saline solution

How much and how often should you flush an intraosseous catheter? What should you flush it with?

True

True or False: a cat should only receive its specific blood type during a blood transfusion because of alloantibodies?

No longer than 72 hrs

How long should a catheter be left in for max?

Skin sloughing

What is a risk of using over 2.5% concentration of dextrose?

Patients with liver issues

Who do we NOT give LRS to?

Skin sloughing

What is a sign of over hydration?

• Tibia

• Femur

• Humerus

• Occasionally iliac wing or ischium

Where can you do intraosseous administration?

• lumbosacral musculature

• Lateral to dorsal spinous processes

What are the intramuscular administration sites?

Severely dehydrated or critically ill patients

Which patients should we not receive subcutaneous injections?

• Immediate response is needed

• When a drug is irritating to tissues

• When a drug may not be absorbing by other routes of administration

When should you place an IV?

Obese animals

Which patients is subcutaneous administration slow in?

• Patient condition and temperament

• Type of medications or fluid

• Urgency in administering the fluid or medication

• Cost

• Ease of administration

• What systemic or local effect is desired

What are the routes of administration depends on?

Solution is given first 3-5 minutes before ointment and this is because it gives it time to penetrate the eye

When administering opthalmic medication and solution which comes first and why?

In the neck

Where should you never give IM injections?

Allergy testing or to desensitize skin with local anesthetic

What do we use intradermal administration used for?

LEAN (atropine, lidocaine, epinephrine, naloxone)

What drugs can you administer intratracheally?