Anatomy and physiology I Mercer county community college Test #1

oblique plane

divides body at an angle

Anatomy

study of structure

Physiology

Study of function

structure

always related to function

Complementarity of Structure and Function

The relationship between a structure and its function, structure determines function

Characteristics of living things

cells, metabolism, growth, excretion, responsiveness, movement, reproduction

Cell

Basic unit of life

Metabolism

living organism carry out chemical reactions

Growth

increase a size of cells, increase a number of cells

Excretion

the process by which wastes are removed from the body

Responsiveness (irritability)

the ability to sense changes and then to react to them

Movement

ability of entire organism to move or movement of individual cells

Reproduction

reproduce offspring, reproduce cells

structural levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

cellular level

formed by groups of many different types of molecules combined in specific ways to form cellular structures

Tissue

consist cells and extracellular matrix

anatomical position

body forward to us, hands at sides, palms facing forward

axial region

head, neck, trunk

appendicular region

upper and lower limbs

Vertebral

spine column

Abdominal

inferior to diaphragm and superior to the bony pelvis

Acromial

point of shoulder

Antebrachial

anterior forearm

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

Buccal

Calcaneal

heel

Carpal

wrist

Cephalic

head

Cranial

top of the head or the portion of the scull with brain

Crural

anterior leg

Digital

fingers or toes

Femoral

tight

Frontal

forehead

Gluteal

buttock

Inguinual

divides pelvis from tights

Lumbar

lower back

Mammary

breast

manual

general hand

mental

chin

Nasal

nose

Occipital

back of head

oral

mouth

Otic

ear

Orbital

eye

Palmar

anterior hand

Patellar

anterior knee

pedal

foot

Pelvic

anterior pelvis

Popliteal

back of knee

plantar

bottom of foot

Pubic

pubic bone

Scapular

over scapula in superior back

Sternal

middle of chest over sternum

Sural

posterior calf of the leg

Tarsal

ankle

Thoracic

general chest area

Umbilical

belly button

saggital plane

divides the body into a right and left side

mid-sagittal

divides body into equal left and right portions

para-sagittal

unequal halves

frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Dorsal

located on posterior side, include cranial and vertebral cavity

Ventral

located in anterior side of the body, include thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

contains pleural cavities, pericardic cavity, mediastinum

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

4 quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

right upper quadrant

Liver, right kidney, colon, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestines

right lower quadrant

small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ureter, and the right ovary and uterine tube in women, right spermatic cord, urinary bladder,

left upper quadrant

liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, pancreas

left lower quadrant

urinary bladder, colon, left ureter, left ovary, left spermatic cord

segments

right and left hypochondriac regions, hypogastric region, right and left lumbar region, umbilical region, right and left iliac region, hypogastric regionthe small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ureter, and the right ovary and uterine tube in women or the right spermatic duct in men

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, protect body, produce vitamin D, regulates body temperature, skin, nails, hair

skeletal system

protect and support body organs, produce blood cells, store calcium cells, bones, joints

lymphatic system

provide immunity, return excess tissue fluid to cardiovascular system, spleen, lymphatic vessels, tonsils

cardiovascular system

deliver oxygen rich blood to tissues, deliver oxygen poor blood to lungs, heart, cardiovascular vessels

reproductive system

produce and transport sperm, produce and transport eggs, sexual function, lactation, fetal development

respiratory system

deliver oxygen to the blood, remove carbon dioxide from the body. Lungs, trachea, nasal cavity

digestive system

digest food, absorb nutrients into the blood, remove food waste

urinary system

removes metabolic waste from blood, maintain regulates electrolyte, acid-base balance, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters

endocrine system

regulate function of muscles, glands through hormones, hypothalamus, pancreas, thyroid glands, testes, ovaries

muscular system

produce movement, produces heat, skeletal muscles

nervous system

provides higher mental functions, movement automatic functions, brain, spinal cord, nerves

serous membrane

cavities within ventral cavity formed by thin sheets of tissue

serous fluid

Between visceral and parietal layers.

reduces friction caused by moving organs

visceral layer

covers organ

parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the body wall

3 main serous membranes

pleural membrane, pericardial membrane, peritoneal membrane

retroperitoneal organs

organs outside the peritoneum, kidney, duodenum, pancreas

Homeostasis

maintain internal environment

Variables

conditions that can change

controlled variable

maintained within narrow rahge

negative feedback loop

oppose initial change in a regulated variable, core body temperature

Receptor

provides information about the stimuli

control center

change compared to set point

Effector

change is corrected

positive feedback

increase initial stimulus, labor

hypotalamus

regulates body temperature

Matter

anything that has mass and occupies space