HOSA Pathophysiology

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231 Terms

1

pathology

the scientific study of disease

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2

asymptomatic

without symptoms

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syndrome

A group of symptoms typical of a particular disease or condition

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symptoms

subjective findings

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5

signs

objective findings

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predisposing factors

risk factors; make a person vulnerable to a disease

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chronic

A condition that develops slowly and lasts a long period of time

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8

acute

A condition with a rapid onset with a short course (less than 6 months) ending in recovery or death

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9

pathogenesis

the stages of development of a disease

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10

C-reactive protein

protein produced by the liver, levels of CRP increase when inflammation is present in the body; a blood test can be done to detect inflammation in the body

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11

Widespread inflammation

marked by systemic symptoms, such as fever, malaise, and loss of appetite, elevated white blood cells

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12

ESR

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; measures the rate that red blood cells fall to the bottom of a tube in mm/hr. Rate is higher w/ autoimmune disorders. Measures amount of inflammation in the body, can be used to help with diagnoses.

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13

Acute inflammation

a normal, protective physiologic response to tissue injury and disease; is accompanied by redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function

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14

ischemia

holding back/obstructing the flow of blood

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15

exudative response/ inflammation exudate

attempts to wall off, or destroy, and digest bacteria and dead/foreign material; this in tissues causes swelling and the excess fluid puts pressure on tissue and nerve endings, causing pain.

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phagocytic

the process in which cells surround and digest certain particles

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Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

"superbug" that is to blame for aggressive skin & soft tissue infections, quickly developing into abscesses and cellulitis; sometimes called "flesh-eating bacteria".

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18

autosomes

the 22 remaining pairs of chromosomes

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19

genotype

an organism's genetic makeup

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20

karyotype

a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape

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21

phenotype

an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

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22

autosomal dominant

the gene in question is located on an autosome & the mutant phenotype is seen even if a normal gene is present (eg- Huntington's and Marfan's syndrome)

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23

autosomal recessive

gene located on an autosome but is insufficient to produce mutant phenotype unless both genes are inherited (eg- cystic fibrosis & phenylketonuria).

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24

X-linked (sex linked)

recessive; the gene is located only on the X chromosome: more common in males. (eg- Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and hemophilia A).

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25

neoplasm

A new growth of different or abnormal tissue, such as a tumor or wart; can be benign or malignant

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26

cancer

a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation

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27

carcinoma

cancer of the epithelial cells

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sarcoma

cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle.

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leukemia

cancer of the blood-forming organs. Bone marrow, spleen, lymph system, characterized by abnormal increase of WBCs

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melanoma

cancer of the melanin-producing cells of the body (skin cancer)

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benign tumors

slow growth by expansion, encapsulated; cells adhere to e/o; well differentiated & resemble origin; remain localized, no destruction, no hemorrhage, may be smooth and movable, rare recurrence

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malignant tumor

rapid growth & invasive; not differentiated & abnormal; ulceration & necrosis & hemorrhage: often recur.

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metastasis

spreading of a malignant disease or pathogenic microbe from one organ or part to another not directly connected to it.

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34

cancer stage

reflects tumor size and extent of tumor spread: helps determine choice of treatment options and prognosis; method that institutions use to communicate patient information for standardization.

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neoadjuvant therapy

administered to preoperatively shrink the tumor to facilitate surgical removal of a tumor.

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ablation

the removal, especially of organs, abnormal growths, or harmful substances, from the body by mechanical means, as by surgery.

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oncogenes

a gene in a virus that can prompt a cell to turn malignant

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38

immune disorders may generate one of three effects:

hypersensitivity (allergy), autoimmune diseases(immune system is overactive and kills its own cells), immunodeficiency disorders (immune system is absent or reduced activity)

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39

kwashiorkor

a protein-calorie malnutrition, the starvation associated with famine

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40

immunosenescence

gradual deterioration of the functions of the immune system; associated with aging

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41

hyperlipidemia

high cholesterol

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42

ausculation

trained listening; listening with a stethoscope for sounds within the body, such as heart valve sounds or the lungs, during an exam.

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43

differential diagnosis

the distinguishing of a disease or condition from others presenting with similar signs and symptoms

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44

nociceptors

pain receptors; activated by mechanical damage, dissolved chemicals, and extreme temperatures

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45

prognosis

a prediction of the course of a disease

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46

remission

the signs and symptoms of disease at times subside for a period of time

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exacerbation

a period of time when a disease's signs and symptoms recur in all their serverity after a period of remission.

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48

relapse

occurs when a disease returns weeks or months after its apparent cessation

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49

complication

a disease or other abnormal state that develops in a person already suffering from a disease

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50

sequela

the aftermath of a particular disease

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51

mortality

the measure of the number of deaths attributed to a disease in a given population over a period of time

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52

pus

released from dying neutrophils after digesting bacteria & toxins that liquefy the surrounding tissue; a thick yellow fluid consisting of liquefied tissue, dead neutrophils, and inflammatory exudate

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53

prevalence

describes the number of cases of disease occurring at a given time

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54

incidence

describes the number of new cases at a given time

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55

epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

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56

etiology

the study of causation of a disease

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57

idiopathic

cause of disease is unknown

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58

lesion

an abnormal tissue structure or function; may be the result of a wound, injury, or pathologic condition

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59

palliative treatment

aka-symptomatic; designed to relieve & manage the symptoms of the disease without addressing the cause

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60

immunity

the ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents and even abnormal body cells, s.a. cancer cells

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61

nonspecific immunity

aka-innate immunity; present at birth & provides immediate but general protection against any foreign agent that enters the body

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specific immunity

aka-acquired immunity; is effective against particular identified foreign agents & develops in response particular identified foreign agents & develops in response to contact with that agent

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63

interferon

a group of substances that stimulate the immune system; it can interfere with viral multiplication

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64

hyperemia

increased amount of blood; (associated with inflammation, causing increased heat and redness).

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65

neutrophils

leukocytes that line up within capillary walls during inflammation. they're specialized cells that defend the body against microbes & speed healing up by engulfing cell debris; can move between blood vessels and tissue

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histamine

damaged tissue releases this substance during inflammation to attract leukocytes & also causes capillary walls to become more permeable.

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chemotaxis

the attraction of the WBC's to the site of inflammation.

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leukocytosis

the excessive production of WBC's

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69

monocytes/macrophages

phagocytic leukocytes that follow the neutrophils to clear the debris

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fibrin

a plasma protein, essential for the blood clotting mechanism; forms a clot in the damaged tissue, walling off the infection & preventing its spread.

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pyogenic

causing pus formation

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72

Suppurative inflammation

An inflammation associated with pus formation (eg- abscesses, boils, & styes)

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73

fibroblasts

a type of CT cell that produce collagen fiber; during fibrosis, the fibers contract, drawing the cut surfaces together

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74

fibrosis

the formation of a meshwork of collagen tissue after a wound known as "scar tissue"

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75

keloid healing

the development of a scar after surgery of a severe burn that is raised & hard; it's really a benign tumor; removal is usually ineffective

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adhesions

collagen fibers anchor together adjacent structures, which can interfere with organ functions

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77

lymphedema

occurs when tissues swell because lymphatic vessels are blocked

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78

humoral immunity

specific immunity that provides protection from infection by antibodies

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79

cell-mediated immunity

specific immunity that provides protection against infection using activated lymphocytes.

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80

T Lymphocytes

responsible for cell-mediated immunity & are processed by the thymus gland

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81

B Lymphocytes

responsible for Humoral immunity; highly specific for one type of antigen; Lymphocytes that produce antibodies in cell-mediated immunity

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plasma cells

transform from B Lymphocytes; divide rapidly and produce a large number of antibodies, which are secreted into the lymph & circulated

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83

immunoglobins (Ig)

these antibodies are plasma proteins, which are gamma globulins; antibodies

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84

IgG

neutralizes toxins & viruses

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IgM

protects newborns

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86

IgA

offers localized protection at mucosal surfaces

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IgE

involved in allergy

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IgD

activates B lymphocytes

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89

Cytotoxic (CD8) T Lymphocytes

aka-killer T cells; capable of killing invading organisms. they have receptor proteins that bind tightly to specific antigens & then release poison into the pathogen

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Helper (CD4) T Lymphocytes

help the immune system in many ways; increase the activity of killer T cells & stimulate B cells; secrete lymphokines that increase lymphoid response to the antigen & activate macrophages

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Suppressor T Lymphocytes

believed to dampen/suppress the immune response

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92

basophils

a type of WBC that promotes inflammation & participates in allergic responses

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93

mast cells

Cells found in CT; they contain heparin, serotonin, bradykinin, & histamine

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94

heparin

an anticoagulant released during inflammation

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95

serotonin

one of the many neurotransmitters involved

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96

in regulating mood, emotions, & behavior

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97

bradykinin

substance released by damaged tissue that promotes inflammation

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98

epinephrine

the hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in emergency situations or durning periods of high stress; also used as a drug to dilate bronchioles in some asthma attacks

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99

What can be used to reduce the immune response and stabilize the vascular system?

Epinephrine, glucocorticoids, or cortisone derivatives

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100

Type i Hypersensitivity

labeled allergic/anaphylactic hypersensitivity

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