APUSH Unit 2 Vocab

Joint-Stock Company

Company that funded risky enterprise of colonization

John Cabot

English explorer who discovered the East Coast

Act of Tolerance

First colonial statue that gave religious freedom to all Christians. However, it called to death anyone who denied Jesus.

Antinomianism

The belief that since individuals received salvation from faith alone, they were not required to follow traditional moral laws.

Plymouth Colony

Settled by the people on the Mayflower.

Halfway Convenant

Was offered by some clergy so that people could become partial

members even if they had not felt a conversion.

Quakers

Religious Society of Friends. Believed that religious authority was found within each person, not the Bible or any outside source. Considered radical by most people in Britain and the colonies.

Holy Experiment

Pennsylvania was meant to be refuge for Quakers and others who were prosecuted for their beliefs.

Charter of Liberties

Guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration.

Jamestown

(1607) Land disputes by Powhattan. Saved from starvation by John Smith. Tobacco development by John Rolfe.

Separatists

Wanted to organized a completely separate church that was independent from royal control.

Pilgrims

Several hundred Separatists left England for Holland in search of religious freedom. They were known as Pilgrims because of their travels

Mayflower

(1620) A small group of Pilgrams set sail for Virginia on the Mayflower

Puritans

Believed that the Church of England could be reformed, or purified.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A group of more moderate dissenters, called Puritans.

Great Migration

Religious and political conflict in England in the 1630s

drove 15,000 settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Protestant Revolt

In the late 1600s, Protestants angered by a Catholic proprietor ignited a civil war. The Protestants triumphed, and they repealed the Act of Toleration. Catholics lost the right to vote in elections for the assembly.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

It established a representative government with a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature.

Corporate Colonies

Such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during these colonies’ early years.

Royal Colonies

Such as Virginia after 1624, were to be under the direct authority and rule of the king’s government.

Proprietary Colonies

Such as Maryland and Pennsylvania, were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.

John Winthrop

Led thousands of puritans to Massachusetts and founded Boston

John Rolfe

developed a variety of tobacco in Jamestown that became popular

in Europe and a profitable crop. Created the Headright System

Headright System

Offered 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for their or someone else’s voyage to the colonies

Roger Williams

He believed that the individual’s conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. His teachings placed him in conflict with other Puritan leaders, who ordered his banishment.

Anne Hutchinson

Questioned the doctrines of the Puritan authorities. When she was banished she established a settlement called Portsmouth which later became Rhode Island

Frame of Government

Created by William Penn which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners, and a written constitution, the Charter of Liberties

Virginia House of Burgesses

In 1619, Virginia’s colonists organized the first representative assembly in America. However, it was dominated by elite planters.

Mayflower Compact

An early form of self-government and a rudimentary written constitution.

Triangle Trade

A three part route that connected North America, Africa, and Europe

Middle Passage

The most difficult part of the voyage that brought slaves across the Atlantic

Royal African Company

Monopolized the slave trade with England. When they couldn’t supply the demand, Parliament ended the monopoly.

Mercantilism

The economic theory that a country’s wealth was determined by how much more they could export than import.

Colonies

Main purpose was to provide the parent country with raw materials

Navigation Acts

• Rules for colonial trade

• Trade to and from could only be brought by English owned and operated ships and must pass through English ports

• Some goods could only go to England

• Stunted the colonies’ economic growth

• Colonists continued to trade with Natives and built intermingling communities

Difficulties Enforcing the Navigation Acts

• Salutary neglect

• Atlantic Ocean

• Civil War in England

• Colonial agents often received bribes from merchants

Dominion of New England

(1686) The new king was determined to increase royal power over the colonies so he combined several New England colonies

Sir Edmund Andros

Served as governor of the Dominion. He rose taxes, limited town meetings, and took away land titles

Glorious Revolution

Overthrow of King James II and brought the Dominion of New England to an end

Metacom

The Chief of the Wampanoag tribe

King Philip’s War (Metacom’s War)

In response to English Settlers encroaching on Native territory, Metacom united many tribes to fight back. After a vicious war, the Confederation and its Native Allies won after killing Metacom.

Sir William Berkeley

Royal governor of Virginia. He antagonized small farmers because he failed to protect them from Native American attacks

Bacon’s Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon was a small farmer who led an uprising against Berkeley’s government. He and an army of volunteers led raids against Native settlements. When Berkeley accused them of going against royal authority, the army defeated the governor’s forces and burned down the Jamestown settlement.

Lasting Problems of Bacon’s Rebellion

• Sharp class differences between the wealthy and poor/landless farmers

• Conflict on the frontiers between settlers and Natives

• Colonial resistance to royal control

These problems continued into the next century

Pueblo Revolt

(1680) Many Pueblo tribes United against Spanish missionaries who used harsh and aggressive tactics to convert the Natives to Christianity

Effects of the Pueblo Revolt

• Short term - Spanish fled from the area

• Long term - When the Spanish regained the territory they weren’t as harsh with their practices and were more religiously accepting.

New England Confederation

Four colonies joined together to form a military alliance. Although it had little power it set the precedent for future unified colonial action for a common purpose.

Indentured Servants

Under contract with a master who paid for their voyage. Agreed to work for 4-7 years in return for room and board. Only a temporary labor solution.

Liberties and Opportunities in the Colonies

• Religious Tolerance

• No Hereditary Aristocracy

• Social Mobility

The Great Awakening

The shift in the colonies where many turned to faith to forgive their sins. Made people question authority since they realized they were capable of decision making.

The Enlightenment

The belief that the colonies were moving out of their “dark times”. Relied less on tradition and God intervention. Ideas from John Locke

Relationship with Britain

Although they still identified with Britain they were growing more independent and tensions grew.