mcb FINAL reproductive practical

gonads

primary sex organs; organs that produce gametes and hormones

ovaries

female gonads, produce egg cells

testes

male gonads, produce sperm cells

gametes

sex cells; functional reproductive cells (sperm and eggs)

ova

female gametes, also known as eggs

cervix

lower part or neck of the uterus that forms a passage that leads to the vagina

follicles

saclike structures in the ovaries in which eggs develop; becomes corpus luteum

oocytes

immature egg cells

ovulation

release of an oocyte that occurs monthly

corpus luteum

hormone-producing structure that develops from a follicle after ovulation

add- uterine tubes

muscular tubes that lead from the uterus towards the ovaries, site of fertilization, also called fallopian tubes or oviducts

add- fimbriae

fingerlike projections that wave to create a current to draw in the ovulated oocyte

uterus

hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg will implant and develop into a fetus

endometrium

lining of the uterus

vagina

muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body; receives the penis during sexual intercourse, serves as a passageway for the delivery of an infant, also called the birth canal

oogenesis

development of female gametes

oogonia

stem cells in fetal ovaries that develop into ova or eggs

ovarian cycle

cyclical changes in the ovary that are triggered by hormones

uterine (menstrual) cycle

cyclical changes in the uterus in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg

menstruation

shedding of an unfertilized egg, excess endometrial lining, and blood; also called the period

mammary glands

glands in female breasts that produce milk to feed an infant

lactiferous ducts

carry milk to the nipple where it exits the body

acrosomal reaction

enzymes in the acrosome of a sperm cell break down the zona pellucida allowing the sperm to reach the plasma membrane

zona pellucida

thick protective coat around an egg cell

corona radiata

many layers of cells that provide protection and nourishment to the developing egg cell

fertilization

fusion of sperm and egg nuclei, also called conception

zygote

single diploid cell formed by fertilization

sperm

male gametes

seminiferous tubules

where sperm are formed

epididymis

sperm cells mature as they travel through this structure

ductus (vas) deferens

propels sperm toward the ejaculatory duct

ejaculatory duct

duct between the vas deferens and the urethra

urethra

tube through which sperm exit the body

seminal vesicles

male accessory glands that produce fluid rich in sugar and vitamins to nourish sperm that becomes part of semen

prostate gland

male accessory gland that secretes an alkaline fluid that becomes part of semen

bulbourethral gland

male accessory gland that secretes mucus that becomes part of semen

semen

a mixture of sperm cells and accessory gland secretions

scrotum

sac of skin that holds the testes outside the body cavity

penis

shaft of spongy erectile tissue surrounding the urethra; delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract

spermatogenesis

process of sperm production

spermatogonia

primitive stem cells that develop into sperm cells

acrosome

enzyme-containing cap that enables the sperm cell to penetrate the protective layer around the ovum

testosterone

hormone responsible for sperm production and secondary sex characteristics in males

acrosomal reaction

enzymes in the acrosome of a sperm cell break down the zona pellucida allowing the sperm to reach the plasma membrane

ducts

receive and transport gametes

accessory glands

secrete fluids into ducts

perineal structures

collectively known as external genitalia

How many gamete do female produce per month?

one gamete per month; retains and nurtures zygote

How many gametes do male disseminates?

Large quantites of gametes; produces 100 million sperm per day

what are the 5 cells of spermatogensis

spermatogonia → primary spermatocytes → secondary spermatocytes → spermatids → spermatozoa

spermatogonium

23 pairs of chromosomes; diploid; divides by mitosis to produce a new spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte

primary spermatocyte

23 pairs chromosomes; diploid; completes meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes

secondary spermatocyte

23 only; haploid; complete meiosis II to produce spermatids

spermatids

23 only; haploid; undergoes spermiogensis where most of its cytoplasm is shed and a mid piece, tail, and head form

spermatozoon (sperm)

23 only; haploid; leaves seminiferous tubule and matures in epididymis

what are the 4 major functions of male accessory glands?

1. activating spermatozoa

2. providing nutrients spermatozoa need for motility

3. propelling spermatozoa and fluids along reproductive tract (mainly by peristaltic contractions)

4. producing buffers (to counteract acidity of urethral and vaginal environments)

ejaculate

the volume of fluid produced by ejaculation

what does ejaculate contain?

spermatozoa and seminal fluid

what % of seminal glands in ejaculate

60%; it buffers pH, provides nourishment, dilates external os for easier access to uterus

what % of prostate in ejaculate?

30% ; provides nourishment, thins semen for increased sperm motility

what % of epididymis in ejaculate?

5%; proteins to keep sperm infertile until activation in female reproductive tract

what % of bulbourethral glands in ejaculate?

5%; lubrication of the urethra and vagina

what are the steps in the female reproductive system?

1. primordial follicles in egg nest

2. formation of primary follicle

3. formation of secondary follicle

4. formation of antral follicle

5. final formation of tertiary (mature) follicle and ovulation

6. formation of corpus luteum

7. formation of corpus albicans

ovary and testis common function?

produces gametes and sex hormones

glans clitoris and glans penis common function?

contains erectile tissue that stimulates arousal and climax

crus of clitrois and penis

attaches to pelvic arch for support; continue into body of organ to form corpus cavernosum

vestibular bulb and corpus spongiosum

contains erectile tissue

greater vestibular gland and bulbourethral gland

secretes mucin for lubrication

labia minora and body of penis

contains erectile tissue that stimulates arousal and climax

labia majora and scrotum

protects and cover some repreoductive structures

GnRH

primary source hypothalamus; stimulates anterior pituitary to produce and secrete FSH and LH

FSH

primary source anterior pituitary; stimulates development and maturation of ovarian follicles

LH

primary source: anterior pituitary; stimulates ovulation

estrogen

primary source: ovarian follicles, corpus luteum, placenta; initiates and maintains growth of the functional layer of the endometrium

progesterone

primary source: corpus luteum or placenta; primary hormone responsible for functional layer growth after ovulation; causes increase in blood vessel distribution, uterine gland size, and nutrient production

inhibin

primary source: ovarian follicles; inhibits FSH secretion so as to prevent excessive follicular development

what cycle phase is 1-5 days

follicular phase (ovarian) and menstrual phase (uterine)

what cycle phase is 6-13 days?

follicular phase and proliferative phase

what cycle phase is 14 days?

ovulation and proliferative phase

what cycle phase is 15-28 days?

luteal phase and secretory phase

male sexual arousal

• parasympathetic activation leads to dilation of penile arteries and engorgement of erectile tissues

• tightening of skin of penis increases sensitivity of sensory receptors

• secretion from bulbourethral glands provides lubrication

ejaculation

• sympathetic stimulation leads to powerful, rhythmic contraction in ischiocavernosus and bublospongiosus muscles (stiffens penis) (pushes semen toward external urethral opening)

• causes pleasurable sensations (orgasm)

• followed by subsidence of erectile tissue (detumescence)

female sexual arousal

• parasympathetic activation leads to engorgement of erectile tissues and increased secretion of cervical mucous glands glands and greater vestibular glands\

• blood vessels in vaginal walls fill with blood

• fluid moves from underlying connective tissues (to vaginal surfaces)

female orgasm

sympathetic stimulation

• peristaltic contractions of uterine and vaginal walls

• rhythmic contractions of bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles

• causes pleasurable sensations

describe the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice of the penis

1. Seminiferous tubes

2. Rete testis

3. Efferent Ductules

4. Epididymis

5. Ductus Deferens

6. Ejaculatory duct

7. Urethra

lactation

release of breast milk, occurs in response to internal and external stimulus, start to produce after giving birth

prolactin

produced in anterior pituitary and responsible for milk production, with increase mammary glands forms more and larger alveoli

oxytocin

produced by hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary, responsible for milk ejection

mitosis

Somatic cell division (46 individual chromosomes)
- Produces 2 daughter cells genetically identical to parent cell
- Diploid daughter cells (contains two sets of chromosomes)
- No crossing over

meiosis

Sex cell division (23 individual chromosomes)
- 4 daughter cells genetically different from parent cell
- Haploid daughter cells (includes one set of chromosomes)
-includes crossing over

3 functions of ovaries

1)Production of immature female gametes (oocytes)

2)Secretion of female sex hormones (estrogens and progestin)

3)Secretion of inhibin (for feedback control of pituitary FSH)