BIO 030 MIDTERM (Perspectives + Research)

What is biological sex?

Biological characteristics such as chromosomes hormones and reproductive anatomy

What is gender?

Social and psychological ideas involving masculinity femininity roles and identity

Are sex and gender interchangeable?

No. Sex refers to biological characteristics while gender refers to social and psychological identity and expectations

What is the Sex for Procreation Legacy (SFP)?

The historical idea that sex is primarily or legitimately for reproduction

What is coitus?

Penile-vaginal intercourse

How did the Sex for Procreation Legacy affect views of sexual behavior?

It treated intercourse as the standard form of sex and often devalued other sexual behaviors and non-intercourse intimacy

What are Rigid Gender Roles (RGR)?

Strict cultural expectations about how men and women should behave

What happened to gender roles after WWII?

Men were encouraged to return to work while women were encouraged to focus on the home children and husbands

What challenged traditional gender roles in the 1960s and 1970s?

The Sexual Revolution

What changes occurred during the Sexual Revolution?

Greater access to contraception changing sexual norms changing attitudes toward homosexuality and increased openness about sexual orientation

What did Augustine associate lust with?

Original sin

According to Augustine when was intercourse appropriate?

Within marriage for procreation

What did Augustine believe about female subordination?

He viewed it as part of divine order

What sexual behaviors did Thomas Aquinas view as against God's will?

Same-gender sexual acts anal intercourse and oral sex

What did Freud believe about sexuality?

Sexuality is central to the human psyche and both men and women experience sexual drives

What did Freud believe could result from repressing sexual desires?

Psychological problems

What did Havelock Ellis support?

Women's sexual pleasure masturbation oral sex and homosexuality

What was Havelock Ellis's general view of sexual behaviors?

They were not inherently wrong if no one was harmed

How does advertising use sexuality?

It uses blatant and subtle sexual images to attract attention and sell products

What is sexology?

The scientific study of sexuality

What are two goals of sexology?

Understanding and predicting sexual behavior

What are the four major sexuality research approaches?

Qualitative research surveys direct observation and experimental research

What is qualitative research?

Research that examines a small group in depth

What methods are common in qualitative research?

Individual interviews focus groups and open-ended questions

What is an advantage of qualitative research?

It provides detailed information about feelings experiences and context

What is a disadvantage of qualitative research?

Findings can be difficult to generalize

Is anything experimentally manipulated in qualitative research?

No

What are surveys?

Studies that collect information from relatively large groups

What are the two major survey formats?

Questionnaires and interviews

What are advantages of questionnaires?

They can be anonymous cheap quick and may improve honesty

What is a disadvantage of questionnaires?

They are less flexible

What are advantages of interviews?

They provide richer data allow clarification and let the interviewer build rapport

What is nonresponse?

When people refuse or fail to participate in a study

What is self-report error?

When participants forget lie misunderstand or provide inaccurate information

What is demographic bias?

When some groups are represented too much or too little

What is a population?

The full group researchers want to understand

What is a sample?

The smaller group actually studied

What is a representative sample?

A sample where subgroups are represented according to their occurrence in the larger population

How did Alfred Kinsey primarily collect sexual histories?

Survey interviews

Did Kinsey primarily use direct observation?

No

When was Kinsey's male sexuality report published?

1948

When was Kinsey's female sexuality report published?

1953

What was a major limitation of Kinsey's research?

His sample had important biases

What were some biases in Kinsey's sample?

Only White participants were included and volunteers were disproportionately educated and urban

What is direct observation?

Research in which researchers directly observe participants

What is an advantage of direct observation?

It reduces reliance on self-report

What is a major disadvantage of direct observation?

People may behave differently because they know they are being watched

What did Masters and Johnson study?

Physiological sexual responses

What research method did Masters and Johnson use?

Direct observation and physiological measurement

What did Masters and Johnson develop in 1966?

The four-stage Human Sexual Response model

What is experimental research used to test?

Cause and effect

What is an independent variable?

The variable the researcher changes or manipulates

What is the memory trick for independent variable?

Independent = I change

What is a dependent variable?

The outcome that is measured

What is the memory trick for dependent variable?

Dependent = Data measured

What is a control group?

The group that does not receive the experimental treatment or manipulation

What is an experimental group?

The group that receives the experimental treatment or manipulation

In a study testing whether circumcision lowers HIV infection risk what is the independent variable?

Circumcision status

In a study testing whether circumcision lowers HIV infection risk what is the dependent variable?

Whether the participant becomes infected with HIV

Which research method can establish cause and effect?

Experimental research