Life and Works of Rizal

June 19, 1861

Rizal birth

Spain discovered the Philippines

March 17, 1521

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

• Sent by King Philip II in 1565

• Established the Encomienda system

• Founded Manila in 1571 after taking it from Rajah Sulayman

Systems and Policies Under Spain

• Encomienda

• Patronato Real

• Tribute

• Frailocracy

• Isolation Policy

• Polo

• Divide and Rule

Encomienda

Land granting to privateers who contributed to the archipelago’s conquest, the church, and the royal government

Patronato Real

Unity of Spain and the Catholic church

Tribute

Tax imposed by spain to every family, in farm produce or money, annualy

Frailocracy

Rule of friars

Cura Paroco

Parish priests

Isolation Policy

Spain blocking southeast-asian trade with the Philippines, restricting it to galleon trade

Polo

Compulsory government service for males 16-60 years old

Falla

Payment to be exempt from polo

Filipino Revolts Against Spanish Rule

• 16th Century

  • Lakandula and Sulayman

  • Pampanga

  • Cagayan and Dingras

  • Magalat

• 17th Century

  • Igorot

  • Bancao

  • Sumuroy

  • Maniago

  • Malong

  • Chinese

  • Panay

  • Zambales

• 18th Century

  • Agrarian

  • Dagohoy

  • Diego and Gabriela Silang

  • Palaris

• 19th Century

  • Novales

  • Palmero Conspiracy

  • Hermano Pule Religious

Causes of Early Revolts’ Failures

• Lack of national identity

• Loyalty issues

• Self-interests

• Lack of quality troops and materials

• Absence of hot weapons

• Geographical isolation

• Language barriers

Events Leading to the Change in Spanish System of Government

• Intellectual revolution

• Industrial revolution

• Age of exploration and discoveries

• World trade

19th Century of Rizal’s Context

• 1801-1900

• Filipinos agonized beneath the yoked of Spanish misrule

Aspects of the Filipino Discrimination

• Social

• Political

• Educational

• Political

Social Context

• Feudalistic, master-slave relationships

• Social structure

  • Highest - spaniards, peninsulares, friars

  • Middle - natives, mestizos, croiollos

  • Lowest - natives, mestizos, indios

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain

Insulares or Criollos

Spaniards born in the Philippines

Mestizos

Half spanish

Indios

Full Filipino

Political Instability in Spain

• Carlist wars

• Canovite system or rotativism

• Liberals vs conservatives

Political Context

• Manner of Obtaining Positions

  • Appointment of unqualified officers

  • High taxes that were embezzled

  • Church and state were not separate

  • Only the Spanish could appoint officials

  • Appointments could be bought from the governor-general

• Term of Office

• Distance of the Colony

  • Outcries are ignored

  • No supervision

  • Overlapping powers and priveleges

Government System of 19th Century Philippines

• Central - royalty

• Local - governor-general

  • Alcaldia - recognized Spain

  • Corregimiento - resisted Spain

Educational Context

• Only male heirs were allowed to study

• Overemphasis on Religion

• Obsolete teaching methods, materials, and facilities

• Limited curriculum

• Neglected primary education

• No academic freedom

• Prejudice against Filipinos

• Control of friars

Economic Context

• Cash Crop economy and Haciendas

• Forced labor

• High tax

Pre-Colonial Times

• Communist

• Agriculture, hunting, and bartering

• Social class

  • Datu

  • Maharlika

  • Timawa

  • Alipin

    • Namamahay

    • Saguiguilid

• Nipa huts

• Indigenous instruments

• Polytheistic and Islamic groups

• Baranggay

• Taxation by datu

Chinese

• Sangley meaning Business

Central Government Positions

• Gobernador-General

• Vice-Royal

• Chief Executive

• Ex-Officio

• Commander-in-Chief

Provincial Government / Alcaldia Positions

• Alcalde Mayor

Local Government / Pueblo Positions

• Governdaor Cello

• Chief Executive

• Chief judge

Smallest Government / Barangay / Barrio Positions

Cabeza de Barangay

Guardia Civil

• 1867

Royal Audiencia

• Highest court of the colony

UST

Only university level in Manila

Principal

Wealthy pure-blooded natives said to have descended from the Kadatoan class

Chino Infiel

Non-Catholic pure-blooded Chinese

Philippine Nationalism

Establishing and supporting a political identity associated with the modern nation-state of the Philippines, leading to a wide-ranging campaign for political, social, and economic freedom in the Philippines

Factors the Led to the Rise of Philippine Nationalism

• Liberal ideas from abroad

• Spanish revolution of 1868

• Suez canal opening of 1869

• Martyrdom of GomBurZa in 1872

The Opening of the Philippines in the World Trade

• More wealth, better education

• More knowledge

The coming of the Liberal Ideas

• Liberal administration of Carlos Maria De La Torre

• Issue of secularization

• Cavite Mutiny

• Execution of GomBurZa

Unjust Policies during Spanish Occupation

• Polo Y Servicios - mandatory labor

• Encomienda

• Friar-owned haciendas

• Bandala - compulsary native sales to spanish

• Tributo - tax

Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda

MFs real name

Calamba, Laguna

Rizal birthplace

9

Girls in Rizal’s family

2

Boys in Rizal’s family

Father Pedro Casanas

Rizal ninong

Father Rufino Collantes

Baptized Rizal

Parents of Rizal

• Francisco Mercado

• Teodora Alonzo Realonda

Francisco Mercado

• Rizal father

• Educated farmer

• Chinese ancestry

• Chose Rizal surname from ricial meaning rice

Francisco Mercado Father and Grandfather

• Juan - capitanes

• Francisco - capitanes

Teodora Alonzo Realonda

• Rizal mother

• Graduated from Colegio de Santa Rosa

• Taught her children

Binan

• Rizal early education place

Lakandula

• Teodora’s lineage

• Greatest ruler of Tondo

Rizal’s Sisters

• Saturnina - wife of Manuel Hidalgo

• Narcisa - wife of Antonio Lopez

• Olimpia - wife of Silvestre Ubaldo, died in childbirth

• Lucia - wife of Mariano Herbosa who died from cholera

• Maria - - wife of Daniel Faustino Cruz

• Concepcion - died at 3

• Josefa - spinster, epileptic, died at 80

• Trinidad - spinster, inherited much of Rizal’s Dapitan property, died at 83

• Soledad - wife of Pantaleon Quintero, youngest child, danced and saved her mom from jail

Paciano

• Rizal’s brother

• Joined the revolution after Rizal’s execution

• Family caretaker

• Married Severina Decena

Rizal Early Life

• Nickname Pepe

• taught by mom

• Read latin and spanish at age 3

Rizal Uncles

• Gregorio - reading and writing

• Manuel - fencing and wrestling

• Jose Alberto - drawing

Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz

• Rizal primary teacher

• Strict

• Advised Rizal to go to Manila

Mi Primera Inspiracion

• Rizal’s first poem in Ateneo that he dedicated to his mother

Women of Rizal

• Julia

• Segunda Katigbak

• Miss L

• Leonor Valenzuela

• Leonor Rivera

Captain Ricardo Carnicero

• Military governor of Dapitan

Rizal’s Exile

• Worked and studied in Daptian

• George Taufer and his daughter, Josephine Bracken went from HongKong to see Rizal for an eye ailment

• Wrote letters to Governor-General Ramon Blanco, offering his medical service to the Spanish army in Cuba

• After arriving at the fort, he was taken back to Manila, Fort Santiago