HISTORY IGCSE CIE DEPTH STUDY RUSSIA 1905-1941 7B

Lenin, Revolution, and Stalin

Describe the Dual Power system

-Made up of the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet

Explain the Provisional Government

-Dominated by Liberal Kadets

-Promised to continue the war

-asked peasants to wait for reform

-Representative governments

What were the 3 issues the governments needed to handle

War, Food, and Land

What were the characteristics of the Petrograd Soviets?

-More radical

-Was supported by key workers

-SRs and Mensheviks made up more than Bolsheviks

-Promised to work with the Duma for now

-Ordered military to have elected representatives

What happened to Lenin after the March Revolution?

-Returned from exile with the help of Germany

-Wanted another revolution

-Called for Land reform and an end to the war

-Wanted to Nationalize Banks

-"Peace, Land, and Bread”

What were the advantages the Bolsheviks had over the others by October?

-Actually, tried to fulfil the people’s demand

-Support rose across the country

-Was a majority in the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets

-Made up a majority in the All-Russia Soviet Congress

Outline the timeline of the Provisional Government’s fall

July Days—Kornilov Affair—November Revolution—Civil War

Explain the events leading up to the July Days

Kerensky led a failed offensive leading to mass desertions and peasants and deserters began to take land back by force

Explain the events of the July Days

-Took Place in June

-Lenin led protests against the War

-The protests became a rebellion

-Lenin was forced to flee after it was revealed the Germans helped him

-Kerensky became minister

-Kerensky was unable to restore order and the situation in Russia worsened

Explain the events of the Kornilov

-Took place in September

-Kornilov attempted a Coup

-Kerensky asked Trotsky for assistance and released Bolsheviks

-Trotsky formed the Red Guards'

-Kornilov lost

Why did was the Kornilov affair still a loss for Kerensky?

Support evaporated

• Lost support of peasants due to trying to suppress land reform

• Lost support due to the failure of war

• Workers starved due to the lack of support from peasants leading to Workers no longer supporting the government

Bolsheviks gained support

• Defeated Kornilov

• gained control of the Petrograd and other soviets

• Promised to meet demands of the people

Describe what the plan for the November revolution

-Lenin believed the time was right due to the rise in support

-Kamenev disagreed

-Trotsky organized the military revolution committee and planned to seize strategic areas in Petrograd

-Nov 6th 1917

How did the Bolsheviks take Power?

-Leon Trosky seized bridges, post offices, and banks

-Kerensky escaped

-Ships sailed to assist the Red Guards

-Aurora cruiser signaled to storming of the winter palace

-November 8th Proclamation of revolution

Why did the Bolshevik’s November revolution succeed?

-No one supported the provisional government

-Bolsheviks were disciplined and committed

-Made up of the key soldiers and important workers

-Led by the best

-Pravda Newspaper used for propaganda

How did the Bolsheviks set up a dictatorship?

-Set up elected assembly

-Lost assembly

-Shutdown assembly

What goals did the Bolsheviks have to complete?

Food, Peace, Land reform, control, and improve workers’ lives

How was the goal of peace achieved?

-Trotsky attempted to stall until Germany’s communist party completed a revolution

-Revolution failed

-Germans forced USSR to surrender and agree to peace, Brest-Litovsk Treaty

-Nov 8th declaration

• 34% population

• 32% agricultural land

• 54% industries

• 26%railways

• 89% coalfields

• 300 million gold rubles fine

How did the Bolsheviks improve their control?

Dec 1 Banned Newspapers

Dec 11 Arrested Kadets leaders

Dec 20 Established Cheka Police

Dec 24 Banks in Bolshevik control

How did the Bolsheviks improve Workers’ lives?

Nov 12-48 hour work week and 8-hour workdays with holidays

Nov 14th accident insurance

Dec 27th- Worker committee control

How did the Bolsheviks help the peasants with land reform?

Nov 9 Land of church, tsar, and nobles given to peasants

Who made up the Whites?

-SRs

Mensheviks

Tsarists

Landowners

Capitalists

The Czech Legion

Troops of Allies of the Tsar (USA, Britain, France)

Who were the main generals?

General Yudenich and Denikin marched on Moscow

Admiral Kolchak marched on Moscow and Central Southern Russia

What was the Bolshevik reaction?

Created a powerful and well organized 300,000 strong army

Appointed Comisars as leaders and held their families hostage as insurance

Cheka terrorized people so they wouldn’t help their enemies known as the red terror

More than 128,000 arrests

Defeated the last in 1920 Crimea

killed the Tsar

thousands executed for counter revolution, corruption, and other crimes

Why did the Bolsheviks win?

Trotsky: great military leader and charismatic speaker

Forcefully requisitioned grain and food to feed soldiers and towns

Took over factories to create military equipment

Brutal control

Incredible propaganda

Controlled central Russia and railways allowing them to have logistical advantage over their enemies

What were the White’s weakness?

-Made up with different groups with many different goals

-Spread thin across the border

-Whites were more hated

• ruling class that oppressed peasants

• committed worse atrocities

What were the aims of War Communism and what was it?

Put communism into practice

Help the war effort

Harsh economic policies to survive the civil war

What happened under communism?

-Free enterprise became illegal

-Food Rationed

-Surplus food given to government

-State owned factories

-Planned by Vesenkha (economic council)

What were the effects of War Communism?

1/5 industrial production of 1913

90% of wages paid in goods

Currency collapsed

7 million died in famines (1920-21)

What happened during the Kronstadt Uprising and why was it important?

-2 crews of battleships made demands

-Free speech, free elections, equal rations, and end to grain militia

-Trotsky crushed it

-No surrender and thousands dead

-Leaders imprisoned and killed

Importance

-Lenin felt that it was turning point and instituted the NEP

Explain the NEP

Supply Tax not eliminating surplus

Limited private ownership

Main industries still public

Why was Lenin’s death significant?

-No clear leader