Anatomy and Physiology Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering the Integumentary, Digestive, Nervous, Immune, Circulatory, and Respiratory systems, including vital signs and CPR guidelines.

Melanocytes

Cells that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color and protection against UV rays.

Keratinocytes

Cells that produce keratin, a protective protein found in the skin.

Sebum

An oily substance produced by the skin's sebaceous glands.

Mechanoreceptors

Sensory receptors in the skin that respond to mechanical pressure or distortion.

Thermoreceptors

Sensory receptors in the skin that detect changes in temperature.

Vitamin D

The specific vitamin that is synthesized by the skin.

Peristalsis

The wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system.

Enzymes

The type of protein responsible for breaking down food during chemical digestion.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that resides outside the brain and spinal cord.

Motor Neuron

A nerve cell that carries signals from the central nervous system to muscles to initiate movement.

Sensory Neuron

A nerve cell that carries sensory information from the body to the central nervous system.

Pathogens

Disease-causing agents, of which there are four main types including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

White Blood Cells

Cells produced in the bone marrow that protect the body from infection and pathogens.

Peyer's Patches

Lymphoid tissue found in the small intestine that helps monitor intestinal bacteria.

Spleen

An organ in the immune system that acts as a filter for blood.

Universal Donor

Blood type $O-$ because it can be given to most other blood types.

Compression-to-Breath Ratio

The correct ratio for adult CPR with two rescuers is $30:2$.

Compression Depth

The recommended depth for adult chest compressions during CPR is $2$ inches.

Systolic and Diastolic Factors

Three things that can affect blood pressure include stress, caffeine, and exercise.

Red Blood Cells

Cells responsible for carrying oxygen and $CO_2$ waste throughout the body.

Platelets

Clotting cells responsible for stopping bleeding at the site of a cut.

Ateries

Vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Veins

Vessels that carry blood back to the heart and contain one-way valves.

Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs.

Trachea

Commonly known as the windpipe, it branches into $2$ primary bronchi.

Alveoli

The small sacs in the lungs where gas exchange ($O_2$ and $CO_2$) occurs.

Diaphragm

The dome-shaped muscle that facilitates breathing by helping the body inhale and exhale.

Vital Capacity

The maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum inhalation.

Auscultation

The term for listening to the internal sounds of a human or animal body.

Sphygmomanometer

Equipment used in conjunction with a stethoscope to measure blood pressure.

Pulse Oximeter

A device that measures oxygen saturation by shining light through the skin or nail.

Tachycardia

A condition characterized by an abnormally fast heart rate.

Bradycardia

A condition characterized by an abnormally slow heart rate.

Normal Heart Rate

A pulse range between $60$ and $100$ beats per minute.

Normal Temperatue

The average body temperature of $98.6$ degrees.

Hypothalamus

The structure in the brain that acts as the body's thermostat to regulate temperature.

René Laennec

The French individual credited with inventing the stethoscope in $1816$.