BIOL 1406 Study Guide - Exam 4

These flashcards cover key concepts from the BIOL 1406 exam study guide, focusing on important terms and definitions related to cell biology, genetics, and the processes of mitosis and meiosis.

Cell Cycle

Phases: G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (prep), M (mitosis), and G0 (resting/non-dividing)

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two daughter cells, used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis.

Gametogenesis

The process of forming gametes; includes spermatogenesis (male) and oogenesis (female).

Crossing-over

A process during Prophase I of meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing genetic variation.

Aneuploidy

An abnormal chromosome number, such as in trisomy, resulting from nondisjunction.

Law of Segregation

Mendel's law that states alleles separate during gamete formation.

Phenotypic ratio

The ratio of different phenotypes resulting from a genetic cross, such as 3:1 in a monohybrid cross.

Testcross

A breeding experiment used to determine the genotype of an individual showing a dominant trait by crossing it with a homozygous recessive.

Incomplete dominance

A genetic situation where one allele does not completely dominate another, resulting in a blended phenotype.

Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome formed during DNA replication, connected at the centromere.

Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes containing the same genes, one inherited from each parent, but may have different alleles.

Caspases

Enzymes that play essential roles in programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Euchromatin

Less compacted form of chromatin that is actively involved in transcription.

Heterochromatin

Tightly packed form of chromatin that is inactive in transcription.