High School Biology Midterm Study Guide

List the characteristics of the living things.

Made up of cells, reproduce, have a genetic code, grow and develop, use energy, respond to their environment, maintain stable environment, change over time.

Biology is the study of ________________________.

Living things.

Homeostasis is ________________________.

process by which organisms maintain a stable environment.

3 particles of atoms are ____________________________.

Electrons, Protons, Neutrons

Where are the neutrons and protons located?

Inside the nucleus.

Where are electrons located?

outer energy level

Activation energy is _________________________.

energy needed to get a reaction started.

What is the SI unit for mass?

grams

What is the SI unit for length?

meters

What is the SI unite for volume?

liters

What is a dependent variable?

what is observed or measured in an experiment; factors that change in response to the independent variable.

What is an independent variable?

factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes.

What are the steps to the scientific method?

1. Make Observations
2. State Problem Question
3. Form Hypothesis
4. Test Hypothesis (experiment)
5. Collect data/results
6. Form Conclusions
7. Report Findings

What is metabolism?

The sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism.

What is the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down?

Atom

A substance made up of atoms that have the same number of protons and can't be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means is an __________.

element

Electrons in the outermost shell are called ______________.

Valence electrons

When atoms bond by sharing valence electrons it is called a ____________________________________.

covalent bond

When atoms achieve a stable valence level by losing or gaining an electron it is called a ___________________.

ionic bond

An atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge because it has gained or lost electrons is called an _____.

ion

A ____________ is a mixture in which ions or molecules of one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance.

solution

A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.

pH

Compounds that form extra hydronium ions when dissolved in water and have a pH below 7.

Acids

Compounds that form extra hydroxide ions when dissolved in water and have a pH above 7.

Bases

What element is the basis of biomolecules?

Carbon

Name one of four organic molecules and an example of its polymer and monomer.

Carbohydrate
polymer = Polysaccharide
monomer = Monosaccharide

Name one of four organic molecules and an example of its polymer and monomer.

Lipid
polymer = Fatty acid/glycerol
monomer = tryglycerides

Name on of four organic molecules and an example of its polymer and monomer.

Nucleid Acids
polymer = DNA or RNA
monomer = nucleotide

Give 3 examples of a carbohydrate

table sugar, pasta, glycogen

Give 3 examples of a lipid

oils, fats, steroid

Give 3 examples of a protein

eggs, lean meat, beans

Give 2 examples of a nucleic acid

DNA, RNA

What organic compound is the main source of energy for living things?

carbohydrates

How do enzymes function in the body?

Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions; speeds up reactions that occur in body.

List the cell theory:

1. All cells come from pre-existing cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All living things are made of cells.

Explain the function of the following cell organelle: Golgi Apparatus

Sort, package, and transport material

Explain the function of the following cell organelle: Ribosomes

build proteins

Explain the function of the following cell organelle: Mitochondria

Creates energy; ATP

Explain the function of the following cell organelle: Vacuole

Stores water

Explain the function of the following cell organelle: Chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis

Explain the function of the following cell organelle: Cell membrane

semipermeable layer that protects the cell and regulates what enters and leaves the cell

What organelles are found ONLY in plant cells?

Large Vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast

What is endocytosis?

process by which the cell takes in materials that are too large to pass through.

What is exocytosis?

process by which the cell expels materials that are too large to pass through.

The process of molecules following a natural flow from an area of high concentrations to an area of low concentration is referred to as____________________?

passive transport

What is osmosis?

The movement of water across, in and out of the cell.

What are 3 processes that undergo passive transport?

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

What is embedded in the cell membrane that allows large objects to enter through it?

protein

Why is the SUN considered the ultimate source of energy?

Photosynthetic organisms that are eaten provide energy for all other organisms on Earth.

Distinguish between autotroph and heterotroph.

Autotrophs make their own food from the energy from the sun. Heterotrophs must obtain their energy by eating other organisms.

Write out the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

6 CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight--------> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Write out the chemical equation for photosynthesis

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---------> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

Explain the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis:

If the temperature is too hot or too cold, the rate of photosynthesis will slow.

Explain the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis:

As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until the point where all available electrons are excited.

Explain the effect of enzyme action on the rate of photosynthesis:

If the temperature is correct, the enzymes will increase the rate of the photosynthesis reaction. If the temperature is too high or too low, the enzymes will fail to catalyze the reaction.

What organelle performs cellular respiration?

Mitochondria

Does aerobic or anaerobic respiration produce the most ATP?

Aerobic

List 3 facts about aerobic respiration.

1. Requires oxygen
2. Produces up to 36 ATP
3. Involves Krebs Cycle

List 3 facts about anaerobic respiration.

1. No oxygen required
2. Glycolysis and fermentation included
3. produces 2-4 ATP

How is energy released from an ATP molecule?

One phosphate is released when a bond is broken.

What are the two main types of fermentation?

1. Alcoholic
2. Lactic Acid