IMMUNOLOGY & BLOOD BANKING

ACTS REVIEW SYSTEM

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Integrated system of cells, substances, and organs responsible for destruction of foreign susbtances (antigens) and keep body safe from injury and infectious agents

IMMUNOLOGY

The study concerned with the processes by which all living organisms defend themselves against infection

ANTIGENS

Refers to the substances which are considered foreign to a host (the intruders)

1. CELLULAR IMMUNITY

2. HUMORAL IMMUNITY

2 Components of Immunity:

CELLULAR IMMUNITY

Cells that make up the immune system acts as protection example: WBCs

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

Non-cellular / soluble substance that promote immunity, proteins example: Antibody

1. INNATE IMMUNITY

2. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

2 Categories of Immunity are:

INNATE IMMUNITY

Known as natural or non-specific immunity

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Known as the acquired or specific immunity

INNATE IMMUNITY

Does NOT have memory cells, the cannot target specific enemy

INNATE IMMUNITY

Functions in early stages of host defense in response to foreign agents

1. ANATOMICAL BARRIERS

2. RESIDENT FLORA

3. HEREDITARY OR GENETIC INFLUENCE

4. CELLULAR FACTOR

5. HUMORAL FACTOR

6. INFLAMMATION

6 Components of Innate Immunity: 

ANATOMICAL BARRIER

This is the 1st line of defense, acts as “barrier” or “block of entry”

• SKIN

• CILLIA

• MUCUS

• SECRETIONS

• EARWAX

• GASTRIC ACID

• TEARS

7 Components of Anatomical Barrier of Innate Immunity are:

SKIN

The largest barrier, and also known as the largest external organ in the human body

• CILLIA

• MUCUS

These (2) primarily protects the respiratory tract

CILLIA

Hair-like structures; to filter out the antigen (Ag)

MUCUS

Sticky substances; to trap the antigen (Ag) contained in sputum, which requires expectoration

SECRETIONS

Contains proteolytic enzymes; destroys proteins

EARWAX

Also a sticky substance; to trap antigen (Ag) causes ear infection such as Swimmer’s Ear

SWIMMER’S EAR

This infection is caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

GASTRIC ACID

Protects the digestive tract because it contains Hydrochloric acid

1.0 - 3.0 pH

What is the pH of Hydrochloric acid (Hcl) in gastric acid?

1. Helicobacter pylori

2. Cysts form of Ameoba

What are some organisms that can survive in the acidity of a stomach?

Helicobacter pylori

This bacteria produces urease; causes peptic ulcer

Cysts form of Ameoba

These parasites have thick walled so they can survive in the acidity of the stomach

TEARS

Flushing mechanism; protects the eyes

TEARS

Which anatomical barrier can cause Soreyes / Conjunctivitis?

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)

cells that can connect Innate immunity with Adaptive immunity

RESIDENT FLORA

Also known as the normal microbiota / normal flora

RESIDENT FLORA

Organisms that reside in certain areas of the body

RESIDENT FLORA

Helps prevent the multiplication of the pathogen

• ORAL CAVITY

• INTESTINES

• SKIN

• VAGINA

What are the (4) Resident Flora:

ORAL CAVITY

This is where the most predominant flora resides? 

Viridans Streptococci / Alpha-Hemolytic

Normal flora in Oral cavity?

Viridans streptococci

This bacteria causes Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE) which can be disrupted by prolonged antibiotic intake which promote antibiotic resistance

Gram-Negative anaerobic bacilli sp. Bacteroides

Normal flora in Intestines?

• Lactobacillus casei

• Lactobacillus paracasei

What bacteria can be seen in Probiotic drinks?

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Normal flora in Skin?

Staphylococcus epidermidis

This bacteria is known as the most common contaminant in blood culture.

Lactobacillus acidophilus 

Normal flora in Vagina?

Lactobacillus acidophilus 

This bacteria is known as the acid-loving bacteria

1. NORMAL DELIVERY VS. CESAREAN SECTION

2. BREAST FED BABIES VS. MILK FED BABIES

What are the (2) different normal flora fingerprints:

1. INTERSPECIES DIFFERENCES

2. RACIAL DIFFERENCES

3. BLOOD GROUP PHENOTYPES

4. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

5. INHERITED HLA

What are (5) components of Hereditary or Genetic Influence?

DUFFY NULL PHENOTYPE

This blood group phenotype that can cause genetic influences is most commonly found in African population

DUFFY NULL PHENOTYPE

This blood group phenotype confers resistance to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi 

DUFFY NULL PHENOTYPE

This blood group phenotype can produce anti-Fy3

P1 ANTIGEN

This blood group phenotype is susceptible to recurrent UTI

B27

Which inherited HLA can be a high risk of Ankylosing Spondylitis? 

BASOPHILS

This the least predominant WBC in the blood; differential count is usually 0-1%

BASOPHILS

Deep bluish-purple granules that obscure the nucleus

BASOPHILS

This cell contains Heparin and Histamine

HISTAMINE

An inflammatory mediator promoting localized vasodilation

TO WIDEN THE ACCESS OF WBCs

Purpose of Histamine in Basophils?

WHEN LOCALIZED VASODILATION HAPPENS; CARDINAL SIGNS WILL APPEAR

What is the connection of histamine to inflammation?

BASOPHILS

This cell is involved in Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction

EOSINOPHILS

1-3% of total WBC in the blood

EOSINOPHILS

Large orange granules

EOSINOPHILS

This cell is the second least common WBC in blood

• PARASITIC INFECTION

• ALLERGIC REACTION

Eosinophils are INCREASED in:

HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS

Which parasitic infection that can cause increased eosinophils?

1. Ascaris lumbricoides

2. Strongyloides stercoralis

3. Hookworms

What are the Helminthic parasites (larva) that migrate to the heart and lungs that can cause increased eosinophils? (A-S-H)

IgE

Which Immunoglobulin is along with Eosinophils that is effective in engulfing and killing parasitic larva infections? 

MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN (MBP)

What is called the granules of Eosinophils that are attached to kill parasitic larva infections? 

EOSINOPHILS

This cell suppressed basophilic reaction?

PHAGOCYTES

This is the 2nd line of defense, acts as “soldier”

PHAGOCYTES

Responsible for phagocytosis, but can also present antigens

PHAGOCYTES

Includes neutrophils and monocytes

PHAGOCYTES

This is effective if the antigen (Ag) is extracellular

DIAPEDESIS

During phagocytosis; the squeezing movement of WBCs from the blood vessels to the tissues is known as? 

NEUTROPHILS

Most predominant WBC in the blood

• ACUTE INFECTION

• BACTERIAL INFECTION

Neutrophils are INCREASED in:

MONOCYTES

Largest WBC in the peripheral blood

CHRONIC INFECTION

Monocytes are INCREASED in:

MONOCYTES

This is known as the “Scavenger cells”

MACROPHAGES

Tissue monocyte is known as the?

KUPPFER CELLS

Tissue macrophages that are located in the liver.

MICROGLIAL CELLS

Tissue macrophages that are found in central nervous system (CNS)

MESENGIAL CELLS

Tissue macrophages that are found in the kidney

HISTIOCYTES

Tissue macrophages that are found in connective tissue

OSTEOCLAST

Tissue macrophages that are found in bones

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE

Tissue macrophages that are located in the lungs.

SPLENIC MACROPHAGE

Tissue macrophages that are located in the spleen

DERMAL MACROPHAGE

Tissue macrophages that are located in the skin

HOFBAUER CELLS

Tissue macrophages that are found in placenta

1. CREOLA BODIES

2. CURSCHMANN SPIRAL

3. CHARCOT LEYDEN

What are the 3C’s found in patients with sputum of Bronchial asthma?

CHARCOT LEYDEN

This is the disintegration of eosinophils

1. NEUTROPHIL

2. LYMPHOCYTE

3. MONOCYTE

4. EOSINOPHIL

5. BASOPHIL

Arrangement of WBC Count: (Never Let Monkeys Eat Banana)

ELIE METCHNIKOFF

Phagocytosis is demonstrated by?

• I - INITIATION

• C - CHEMOTAXIS

• E - ENGULFMENT

• D - DIGESTION

Mnemonics for the Steps of Phagocytosis?

INITIATION

This step in phagocytosis triggers tissue damage?

CHEMOTAXIS

This step in phagocytosis is known as the movement of WBCs to a certain direction under the influence of chemical substances

WBCs MOVE WITH DIRECTION

What is the meaning of WITH chemotaxis?

WBCs MOVE RANDOMLY

What is the meaning of WITHOUT chemotaxis?

• POSITIVE CHEMOTAXIS

• NEGATIVE CHEMOTAXIS

2 Types of Chemotaxis? 

POSITIVE CHEMOTAXIS

This type of chemotaxis defines as the movement towards the stimulus (infection)

NEGATIVE CHEMOTAXIS

This type of chemotaxis defines as the movement away from the stimulus

CHEMOTAXIN / CHEMOTACTIC AGENT / CHEMOKINES

This promotes chemotaxis (C3a, C5a)?

CHEMOTAXIS

This step in phagocytosis is defines that from blood, WBCs can move through the blood vessel wall

1. JOB’S SYNDROME

2. LAZY LEUKOCYTE SYNDROME

What are the (2) Disorders under the Phagocyte Movement: (J-L)