Bio Study Guide

let's struggle together

x-axis

independent variable

y-axis

dependent variable

Purpose of Control Group

to have a standard for comparison

Constant

things that don't change (kept the same)

independent variable

a variable that is being changed

dependent variable

variable being measured

Hypothesis

testable statement, may be supported or refuted
written as an "if-then" statement

Qualitative Data

categorical data
ex. (warm, blue, cold)

Quantitative Data

direct measurements, numerical data
ex. (temp. time)

Inorganic Molecules

building blocks of organic compounds

Organic Molecules

make up living organisms
- contain carbon

Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

when water is removed during the formation of a polymer
(taking out H2O and making a protein)

What group is in orange?

Amine Group

What group is in purple?

Carboxylic Acid

What is the "R"?

Radical

What 2 groups are identical in every amino acid?

Amine group and carboxylic acid group

What is a radical?
Why is it important?

Radicals determine which amino acid is formed
They're the one part in an amino acid that's different

What two products are produced during the formation of a peptide bond?

Protein and water

Polypeptide

chain of amino acids

Between which two parts of the amino acids are peptide bonds formed?

Between amine group and carboxylic acid group

Carboxylic Acid

COOH
carbon, oxygen, oxygen, hydrogen

Amine Group

NH2

Molecule

consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Single Bond

a sharing of one pair of valence electrons
(single covalent bond)

Double Bond

the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons
(Double Covalent Bond)

Miller-Urey Experiment

simulated early conditions thought to be on Earth

4 Macromolecules

carbohydrate
protein
lipid
nucleic acids

Nucleic Acid

(DNA & RNA)
made up of chains of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base)

Proteins

made up of chains of amino acids

Lipid

fatty acid chain
found in cell membrane of all living things

Carbohydrates

chains of sugar molecules
used as primary energy source for cells

Polymerization

bonding smaller molecules together to make bigger molecules

What had to be present for life to form?

1) Simple, organic molecules such as amino acids
2) complex organic molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids

Current Theory About Origin of First Life Forms

1) chemical evolution
2) polymerization
3) microsphere formation
4) protocell and prokaryote formation

Chemical Evolution

building organic molecules from inorganic molecules

Microspheres

long chains of complex organic molecules eventually formed a circle around a water droplet

Protocells and Prokaryotes

small chains of nucleic acids became trapped in the sphere creating a protocell
this eventually developed into a prokaryote

Characteristics of 1st life

- single celled
- prokaryotic
- chemotrophic (fed of chemicals)
- anaerobic

Characteristics of Life

- made of cells
- reproduce
- obtain and use energy
- maintain homeostasis
- pass on traits
- respond to environment
- grow and develop

Spontaneous Generation

idea that life could come from nonliving things

Biogenisis

living things only come from other livings things

Eyepiece

10x magnification

Endosymbiotic theory

how eukaryote cells could have evolved from prokaryote cells

Prokaryotes

no nucleus
no membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes

nucleus
membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have these in common

cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
genetic material

Mutualism

a symbiosis where both organisms benefit

Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory

1) Mitochondria and Chloroplast have their own DNA
2) size of mitochondria and chloroplast tend to be same size as bacteria
3) when mitochondria and chloroplast divide, they divide similarly to how bacteria divides

Leeweunhoek

made his own microscope and discovered bacteria

Hooke

first to call cells cells
saw cells in a cork

Shleiden

All plants are made of cells

Schwann

all animals are made of cells

Virchow

All cells come from other cells

Scientific Name

genus - species

Heterotroph

cannot produce its own food

Autotroph

produces its own food

Nucleus

aids in production of ribosomes
stores DNA

Vacuole

storage area of cell and breaks down cell waste
can take upto 90% of a cell's volume (in plant cells)

Lysosomes

filled with enzymes that digest substances

Cell Membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
contains enzymes that catalyze many reactions

Vesicles

carries proteins and lipids from golgi apparatus to other cell compartments or from outside the cell membrane into the cell

Cytoskeleton

moves structures within cell
helps divide during mitosis
maintains shape
acts as tracks for vesicles to move along

Mitochondria

produces ATP

Free Ribosomes

produce proteins

Golgi Apparatus

modifies and sorts proteins and lipids that have been synthesized in the cell

Endoplasmic Recticulum

involved in production of lipids and proteins that will either becomes part of the cell membrane or be released from the cell

Cell Wall

provides support and protection outside the cell membrane

Chloroplast

during photosynthesis it uses the sun's energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars and oxygen

Nucleolus

makes ribosomes

Not in common between animal and plant cells

plant - cell wall, chloroplast, one large vacuole
Animal - lysosomes, many small vacuoles

Modern Cell Theory

- cell is the smallest living unit in all living organisms
- all living things area made up of cells
- all cells come from preexisting cells

What does the cell membrane do?

- protects and supports the cell
- helps maintain homeostasis
- regulates amount of vital substances in the cell

Polar Heads

hydrophilic (water loving), unequal sharing of electrons among atoms

Nonpolar Tails

hydrophobic (water fearing), equal sharing of electrons amount atoms

Simple Diffusion

does not require transport protein
moves with concentration gradient (high-low)

Facilitated Diffusion

requires transport protein
moves with concentration gradient

Selectively Permeable

allows some things to enter

Purpose of Proteins in Membrane

transport molecules across membrane
communicate with other cells
cell-to-cell recognition
enzymes

Passive Transport

movement of molecules with concentration gradient
requires no energy

Diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Solute

dissolved substance

Solvent

dissolving substance

Hypertonic

higher concentration of solute outside the cell
water leaves cell
(cells will shrivel up)

Hypotonic

lower conc of solute outside cell
water moves into cell
(animal cell will lyse (burst)) (normal for plants (turgid))

Isotonic

equal conc of solutes
(normal for animal cells) (plant cell wilts (flaccid))

Active Transport

low conc -> high conc
requires ATP

Bulk Transport

(endocystosis)
when cells ingest large particles, membrane folds inward and pinches off, material is enclosed in a vesicle, transported to lysosome for digestion
(exocytosis)
vesicles fuse with membrane, releasing contents

Pinocytosis

solutes or fluids
(endocytosis)
("drinking")

Phagocytosis

large particles, cells
(endocytosis)
("eating")

Enzymes

catalyze chemical reactions that synthesize large biological molecules

Denature

lose their shape
can't catalyze

Reactant

substance changed by reaction

Product

substance made by reaction

Bond Energy

amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms

Chemosynthesis

deep in ocean in hydrothermal vents
produce food
use iron and other chemicals

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate

Photosynthesis reactants

sun energy, CO2, H2O