module 2 tuts p9

CURING OF VANILLA PODS

Step I

• The fruits are collected as they ripen to a yellow color, 6 to 10 months after pollination

Step II

• The ripe vanilla pods are cured by dipping in warm water for about 3 minutes

Step III

• The soaked pods are wrapped between woolen blankets in the sun during the day and packaged in wool-covered boxes at night. This requires about 2 months during which the pods lose from 70-80% of their original weight

Step IV

• Upon developing correct moisture level and aroma, the pods are laid in the open air, alternating between sun and shade, driving out moisture without overly drying the pods

Step V

• The pods are then graded, tied into bundles of about 50-70, and sealed in tin containers for shipment

Vanilla

• Glucovanillin - Aldehyde Glycoside

• 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

• From the cured fruits of Vanilla planifolia (Fam: Orchidaceae)

CURING OF VANILLA PODS: Step I

The fruits are collected as they ripen to a yellow color, 6 to 10 months after pollination

CURING OF VANILLA PODS: Step II

The ripe vanilla pods are cured by dipping in warm water for about 3 minutes

CURING OF VANILLA PODS: Step III

The soaked pods are wrapped between woolen blankets in the sun during the day and packaged in wool-covered boxes at night. This requires about 2 months during which the pods lose from 70-80% of their original weight

CURING OF VANILLA PODS: Step IV

Upon developing correct moisture level and aroma, the pods are laid in the open air, alternating between sun and shade, driving out moisture without overly drying the pods

CURING OF VANILLA PODS: Step V

The pods are then graded, tied into bundles of about 50-70, and sealed in tin containers for shipment

Ergot

Is a sclerotium produced by a fungus Claviceps purpurea

• Infects a plant, Rye - Secale cerale

• Fungal product - source of alkaloids

• ERGOTAMINE for migraine

• ERGONOVINE as oxytocic agent

LIFE CYCLE OF THE ERGOT FUNGUS (PARASITIC INFECTION): SPHACELIAL STAGE

Step I

• In the spring, one of its spores comes into contact with the ovary of a grass, frequently rye, where it germinates forming hyphal strands that penetrate into the host tissues

Step II

• The hyphae eventually forms a mass of tissue known as a mycelium, which supplants the ovary

Step III

• Some of the hyphal strands produce asexual spores, known as conidiospores, which becomes suspended in a viscous, sugary liquid known as honeydew

Step IV

• Honeydew is secreted by the mycelium

Step V

• Insects are attracted to this honeydew and carry it and the spores to other host plants, where the process is repeated

SPHACELIAL STAGE: Step I

Step I

• In the spring, one of its spores comes into contact with the ovary of a grass, frequently rye, where it germinates forming hyphal strands that penetrate into the host tissues

SPHACELIAL STAGE: Step II

Step II

• The hyphae eventually forms a mass of tissue known as a mycelium, which supplants the ovary

SPHACELIAL STAGE: Step III

Step III

• Some of the hyphal strands produce asexual spores, known as conidiospores, which becomes suspended in a viscous, sugary liquid known as honeydew

SPHACELIAL STAGE: Step IV

Step IV

• Honeydew is secreted by the mycelium

SPHACELIAL STAGE: Step V

Step V

• Insects are attracted to this honeydew and carry it and the spores to other host plants, where the process is repeated

LIFE CYCLE OF THE ERGOT FUNGUS (PARASITIC INFECTION): ASCIGEROUS STAGE

Step I

• The mycelium eventually replaces the entire ovary, then gradually hardens, becomes dark purple, and forms a resting body known as a sclerotium

Step II

• The sclerotium, in turn, normally falls to the ground, overwinters and in the spring, produces sexual spores or ascospores that repeat the entire cycle

ASCIGEROUS STAGE: Step I

Step I

• The mycelium eventually replaces the entire ovary, then gradually hardens, becomes dark purple, and forms a resting body known as a sclerotium

ASCIGEROUS STAGE: Step II

Step II

• The sclerotium, in turn, normally falls to the ground, overwinters and in the spring, produces sexual spores or ascospores that repeat the entire cycle

Sugarcane

Saccharum

SUGAR CANE

Step I

• The juice is obtained from sugar cane by crushing the stems between a series of heavy iron rollers

Step II

• The juice is boiled with lime to neutralize the plant acids, which would otherwise change the sucrose to invert sugars, and to coagulate albumins

Step III

• The latter rise to the top as a scum are removed

Step IV

• The juice is filtered, sometimes decolorized with sulfur dioxide, concentrated and crystallized

Step V

• When crystals are no longer obtainable, the residual, dark-colored syrup is molasses, which is extensively used in foods, prepared animal foods, and in the manufacture of ethyl alcohol

SUGAR CANE: Step I

Step I

• The juice is obtained from sugar cane by crushing the stems between a series of heavy iron rollers

SUGAR CANE: Step II

Step II

• The juice is boiled with lime (calcium oxide) to neutralize the plant acids, which would otherwise change the sucrose to invert sugars, and to coagulate albumins

SUGAR CANE: Step III

Step III

• The latter rise to the top as a scum are removed

SUGAR CANE: Step IV

Step IV

• The juice is filtered, sometimes decolorized with sulfur dioxide, concentrated and crystallized → sucrose

SUGAR CANE: Step V

Step V

• When crystals are no longer obtainable, the residual, dark-colored syrup is molasses, which is extensively used in foods, prepared animal foods, and in the manufacture of ethyl alcohol and rhum

Rhum

Distilled, fermented molasses

SUGAR BEETS

From roots of Beta vulgaris

SUGAR BEETS

Step I

• The beets are dug, washed and sliced into small, limp slivers known as “cossettes”

Step II

• Sucrose and other soluble constituents are extracted from the plant material using hot water

Step III

• The crude sugar-containing solution is then subjected to the purification process

SUGAR BEETS: Step I

Step I

• The beets are dug, washed and sliced into small, limp slivers known as “cossettes”

SUGAR BEETS: Step II

Step II

• Sucrose and other soluble constituents are extracted from the plant material using hot water

SUGAR BEETS: Step III

Step III

• The crude sugar-containing solution is then subjected to the purification process

Sugar maple

Another way to obtain sucrose is from the fruits of Acer saccharum

Bignay or Bugnay

• Scientific name: Antidesma bunius

• Use: Anti-hypertensive; treatment of cough and colds

Banaba

• Scientific name: Lagerstroemia speciosa

• Use: Anti-diabetic

Comfrey

• Scientific name: Symphytum officinale

• Use: Hepatotoxic due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Pacific Yew

• Scientific name: Taxus brevifolia

• Use: Contains Paclitaxel - antineoplastic (breast & ovarian cancer)

• From BARK

Tawa-tawa (orchid)

• Scientific name: Grammatophyllum scriptum

• Use: Anti-pyretic

Tawa-tawa

• Scientific name: Euphorbia hirta

• Use: Increase platelet count in patients with Dengue Fever

Spirulina

• Sweaweed

• Scientific name: Spirulina maxima

• Use: Anti-hypertensive; Anti-diabetic; Anti-hyperlipidemic

Licorice or Glycyrrhiza

• Scientific name: Glycyrrhiza glabra

• Use: Contains

  • Glycyrrhizin (very sweet)

  • Glycyrrhetic acid (Anti-inflammatory; expectorant)

• RR - rooths & rhizomes

Evening Primrose

• Scientific name: Oenothera biennis

• Use: Cervical ripening and labor inducing (improve female reproductive health)

Tsaang gubat

• Scientific name: Ehretia microphylla

• Use: Antidiarrheal (tannins)

Periwinkle

• Scientific name: Catharanthus roseus

• Use: Contains Vincristine, Vinblastine (Vinca Alkaloids) - antineoplastic

Sweet Orange

• Scientific name: Citrus sinensis

• Use: Contains Limonene - flavor

Stramonium / Jimson Weed / Jamestown Weed

• Scientific name: Datura stramonium

• Use: Scopolamine - anti-spasmodic agent

  • Aka Hyoscine

  • More abundant in Datura metel

  • Also for motion sickness

Rauwolfia serpentina

• Scientific name: Rauvolfia serpentina

• Use: Reserpine

  • Hypotensive agent ↓ BP

  • Depletes reserve of catecholamines

Happy Tree

• Scientific name: Camptotheca acuminata

• Use: Irinotecan, Topotecan - antineoplastic (CAMPTOTHECINS)

Vanilla

• Scientific name: Vanilla planifolia

• Use: Glucovanillin (Aldehyde Glycoside) - flavoring

  • 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

Bitter bark Cinchona

• Scientific name:

  • Cinchona succirubra (red)

  • Cinchona calisaya (yellow)

• Use: ANTI-MALARIAL

  • Quinidine; Quinine

  • Cinchonidine; Cinchonine (parent compound)

Plant Hormones

Regulate physiologic activities of the plant (chemical messengers)

Abscisic acid

• Metabolic inhibitor / Growth inhibitor

• Acts as an antagonist to gibberellic acid, and increases tolerance of plants to stress

• Helps in seed development and maturation

• Induces seed dormancy

• Helps withstand unfavorable/critical growth factors

Abscission

Separation of leaves from the plant

Auxins

• First plant growth hormone to be discovered

• Isolated from human urine

• Found in growing stems and roots

• Promote flowering

• Prevent early fall of leaves and fruits

• Promote fall of old leaves and fruits

Gibberellins

• There are over 100 kinds of this hormone

• Increase axis length (lengthens the stems of sugarcane)

• Hastens maturity period in conifers

• Promotes seed germination

• Delays senescence in fruits

Cytokinins

• Exist in areas where rapid cell division takes place

• Delays leaf senescence by promoting mobilization of nutrients

• Formation of new leaves and chloroplast

• Promote lateral shoot growth and adventitious shoot formation

• Help overcome apical dominance

Ethylene

• Gaseous hormone

• Hastens fruit ripening

• Promotes abscission and senescence

• Increases root growth and root hair formation

A. Banaba

An anti-diabetic herbal medicine

A. Banaba

B. Yerba Buena - analgesic

C. Tsaang gubat - antidiarrheal

D. Lagundi - mucolytic & bronchodilator

D. Antidesma bunius

What is the scientific name of Bignay?

A. Hibiscus sabdariffa - Roselle/Red Sorrel

B. Abelmoschus esculentus - okra

C. Ehretia microphylla - tsaang gubat

D. Antidesma bunius

D. Grammatophyllum scriptum or Euphorbia hirta

What is the scientific name of Tawa-Tawa?

A. Taxus brevifolla - pacific yew

B. Ehretia microphilla - tsaang gubat

C. Abelmoschus asculentus - okra

D. Grammatophyllum scriptum

A. Symphytum officinale – Comfrey – hepatotoxic

Select the correct triad of “health foods”

A. Symphytum officinale – Comfrey – hepatotoxic

B. Spirulina maxima – spirulina – fertility drug

C. Glycyrrhiza glabra – licorice – antidiabetic (expectorant; anti-inflammatory)

D. Oenothera biennis – Evening Primrose – analgesic (fertility drug)

A. Abscisic acid

Which hormone is considered as the plant growth and metabolic inhibitor, acts as an antagonist to gibberellic acid, and increases the tolerance of plants to stress?

A. Abscisic acid

B. Gibberellins

C. Auxins

D. Ethylene

D. Phenylpyruvic acid

This substance is converted to phenylalanine in the Shikimic Acid Pathway

A. Anthranilic acid

B. Chorismic acid

C. Para-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid

D. Phenylpyruvic acid

A. Aromatic compounds

The Shikimic acid pathway is a biogenetic pathway that leads to the formation of folates and ______

A. Aromatic compounds

B. Aliphatic compounds

C. Branched compounds

D. Cyclic compounds

A. Aldehyde, flavor

Glucovanillin is classified as a/an ______________. It is mainly used as a/an ____________.

A. Aldehyde, flavor

B. Flavonol, antibacterial

C. Anthraquinone, cathartic

D. Saponin, analgesic

A. Reserpine

What is the hypotensive constituent isolated from Rauwolfia serpentina?

A. Reserpine

B. Scopolamine - Anti-spasmodic; Datura spp

C. Emetine - Emetic; Cephaelis Ipecacuanha

D. Codeine - Antitussive; Papaver somniferum

D. Citrus sinensis—Limonene -flavor

Which of the following Scientific Name- Constituent- use is correct?

A. Datura stramonium—Scopolamine—Flavor (anti-spasmodic)

B. Glycyrrhiza glabra—limonene— Expectorant (Glycyrrhizin & Glycyrrhetic acid)

C. Catharanthus roseus—Quinine-anticancer (Vinca alkaloids)

D. Citrus sinensis—Limonene -flavor

A. Auxins

This was the first growth hormone discovered; it was first isolated from human urine; found in growing stems and roots; and promotes flowering in plants

A. Auxins

B. Abscisic acid

C. Cytokinin

D. Ethylene

C. Auxins but Gibberellins is the correct answer

There are 100 kinds of this hormone, it lengthens the stem of sugarcane, hastens maturity period in group conifers and promotes early seed production

A. Ethylene

B. Cytokinin

C. Auxins

D. Abscisic acid

A. Cytokinin

Exists in areas where rapid cell division takes place and delays leaf senescence

A. Cytokinin

B. Auxins

C. Gibberellins

D. Abscisic acid

A. Abscisic acid

Induces dormancy in seeds and helps seeds withstand unfavorable growth factors

A. Abscisic acid

B. Gibberellins

C. Auxins

D. Cytokinin

A. Ethylene

Hastens fruit ripening and increases root growth and root hair formations, thereby increasing their absorption surface area

A. Ethylene

B. Auxins

C. Cytokinin

D. Gibberellins

B. Glycyrrhiza glabra

This traditionally used herbal plant is used to aid cough, stomach ulcers and has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties

A. Vitex negundo

B. Glycyrrhiza glabra

C. Foeniculum vulgare

D. Blumea balsamifera

A. Live Oral Poliovirus Vaccine

Which vaccine is recommended for children 2-3 months of age.

A. Live Oral Poliovirus Vaccine

B. Covid-19 Vaccine - still new

C. Rabies Vaccine - post exposure vaccine

D. Hepatitis B Vaccine - AT BIRTH

True

Oral polio vaccine (OPV)

• Attenuated (pinahina), administered orally

• Sabin vaccine

Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)

• Killed, administered parenterally

• Salk vaccine

C. Poliomyelitis vaccine

Identify the vaccine, which is a sterile suspension of inactivated virus strains that are grown separately in primary cultures of Rhesus monkey kidney tissues, bathed in a complex nutrient fluid containing more than 50 ingredients.

A. Influenza virus vaccine

B. Rabies Vaccine

C. Poliomyelitis vaccine

D. Smallpox vaccine

Blood group antigens

Are molecules, often carbohydrates, on the surface of red blood cells that serve as inherited markers, classifying individuals into blood groups like the ABO and Rh systems.

Blood: TYPE O

• RBC - Ceramide - Glc - Gal - GalNAc - Gal

• With terminal L-Fucose

• No additional sugar

Blood: TYPE A

• RBC - Ceramide - Glc - Gal - GalNAc - Gal - GalNAc

• With terminal L-Fucose

• Additional N-ACETYL GALACTOSAMINE

Blood: TYPE B

• RBC - Ceramide - Glc - Gal - GalNAc - Gal - Gal

• With terminal L-Fucose

• Additional Galactose

glycosyltransferases

enzymes called ____ are responsible for adding the final sugar units that define the A and B antigens

Blood: Type AB

Universal acceptor/recepient

• Because their immune system recognizes all of these as "self," they produce no anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies in their plasma.

• Since there are no antibodies to attack donor red blood cells, an AB+ recipient can safely receive red blood cells from any blood type.

Blood: TYPE O

Universal donor

• No antigens in O negative: O negative blood has no A, B, or Rh antigens on its red blood cells. This means it will not trigger an immune system response in a patient with a different blood type, as there is nothing for their antibodies to attack.

A. 1 statement is correct

Blood Group Antigens

I. The membrane of white blood cells contains glycolipids that carry oligosaccharides recognized by the immune system ✖ (RED BLOOD CELL)

II. The oligosaccharide is composed of a glucose linked directly to the lipid, followed by a galactose residue, an N-acetylglucosamine residue and a galactose residue ✖ (N-Acetylgalactosamine)

III The exact sequence of sugars and the manner in which they are linked and branched by glycosyltransferase enzyme determines the blood group type ✔

IV. There is usually a terminal sugar, L-glucose residue in a 1→2 linkage ✖ (L-FUCOSE)

A. 1 statement is correct

B. All statements are correct

C. 2 statements are correct

D. 3 statements are correct

B. if 2 statements are correct

The immune system can produce antibodies against the various short oligosaccharides

I. People with A-blood type will produce antibodies against the B-type oligosaccharides. Conversely, people with B-blood type will produce antibodies against the A-type antigen. ✔

II. The antigens can cause blood cells to clump together ✖ (antibodies)

III. People with O-type antigen are called universal recipients ✖ (donor)

IV. People with O-type antigen are universal donors, in recognition of the fact that people with A-or B-type blood lack antibodies to the O antigen ✔

A. All statements are correct

B. if 2 statements are correct

C. if 1 statement is correct

D. if 3 statements are correct