Abnormal Psych Exam 2 Ch 3-5

reliability

degree to which a mesasure is consitsant

interrater reliabilitity

2 raters will get same result

test-retest reliability

take test diff day get same score

concurrent or descriptive validity

lines up with some other already valid test

predictive validity

predicts future sucess

standardization

norms to make standard accross measures like data, testing, and scoring

mental status exam

systemized analysis of behavoir,

1. appearance + behavior

2. thought processes

3. mood/affect

4. sensorium (awareness of surroundings and orentiated times 3) 

5. intelect

anxiety and related disorders interview from DSM

9 point scale distress and frequency

behavioral assesment

observing and avaluating behavior in different settings

ABCs of behavior

antecedent, behavior consequences

informal observation

therapist’s ideas

formal opservation

mesaurable behaviors

self monitoring

observe own behavior

behavior rating scales

like brief psychiatic rating scale of 0 to 6 of 18 behaviors that would cause concern

reactivity

by observing how people behave you may change their behavior

projective tests

ambigous stimuli including roscharch inkblot (later created comprehensive stystem) and Thematic apperation test

face validity

appears valid at first

personality invetories

self access personality traits with surveys

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

empierical approach of what statements apply to you and then compared to people with a disorder

standford binet test

mental age (IQ) used for schools made by albert binet

Wechsler inteligence scale

version for adults and version for kids has verbal and performance scales. shows sucess in school

neuropsychological tests

test language, memory, motor skills, and learning - primary screenings

bender visual motor gestalt test

copy lines on a card to assess brain damage

computerized axial tomography scans

x-ray taking slices of brain and putting together to see brain injury/tumors

magnetic resonance imaging

high strength magnetic field, altering protons/hydrogren and measure time to go back to normal

PET scan

radioactive tracer injection, see movement of metabolism ie. blood, glucose, o2

SPECT

cheaper and less effective tracer substance

fMRI

functional MRI show changes in blood and 02

eeg

track neuron brain wave actitivity with electrodes see event related potential when something happens

electrodermal or galvanic skin response

sweat gland activity

biofeedback

learn to control phyisological factors like heartrate and blood pressure

classification

put things in categories

taxonomy

put things in categories for science

nosology

use categories in medical way

nomenclature

names or labels for disorders

categorical vs dimensional vs prototypical approaches

cat-just simple yes or no having it

dimensional- scales of having it

prototypical- some essential characteristics or disorder and some non-essential

construct validity

signs and symptoms go together

familiar aggregation

extent disorder found in relatives

predictive and content validity

diagnosis tells therapist about course and treatment of disorder

content validity

diagnosis makes sense with what psychologists define the disorder as. get the label right

dementia praecox

schizophrenia according to kraeplin

international classification of diseases and related health problems

included a section like a mini DSM

DSM cultural formation interview

see in culture is thing not disorder

ataque de nervios

hispanic similar to panic disorder but wtih screaming and uncontrollable crying

comorbity

multiple disorders at same time

internal vs external validity

internal- ind causes dep to change

external- how results relate to things outside the study

testability

ability to support the hypothesis

confounding variable

3rd factor changing the dep variable

analogue models

try to recreate real world in the lab

clinical significance

whether or not difference is meaningful to those effected

patient uniformity myth

seeing patients as one group

directionality

does a cause b cause c or does c cause a and b

epidemiology

insidence, distribution and conseqences of a problem in a population

allegiance effect

scientist try better for the treatment group

comparative treatment reserach

compare 2 treatments at once for more effical

process research

why does the treatment work

single-case experimental design

study inviduals in expierminental conditions

withdrawal design

test if treatment works by taking away and seeing if still at baseline ie drug holidays

functional communication training

for autism teaching to communicate

endophenotypes

genetic mechanisms that contribute to underlying problems

proband

single family member with the trait singled out for the study

association studies

see if genetic markers are related to disorders

health promotion, universal, selective, vs indicated prevention

health- blanket all population with education to prevent even start

universal- entire pops but look at specific risk factors

selective- people with high risk

indicated- people with symptoms already

cross sectional design

same time different age groups (cohorts)

cohort effect

confounding age and expierence

longitudial design

same people throughout time

cross-generational effect

try to generalize to other generations other than one in the longitudinal study

sequental design

follow multiple cohorts over time

institutional review board

commitees at unis to decide ethics

ethical prinples of psychologists and code of conduct

APA written book- consent, debrief, no trauma

projective hypothesis

ambigous stimulus show feelings, attitudes, desires, and needs

empierical keying

items to differentiate diagnosis group from normal in MMPI

functional anaylsis

what are the maintaining antecedents and consequences of the behavior

ghost sickness

preoccupated with death and the dead for Native Americans

tajin kyofusho

japanense fear of social things and blushing or body odar with offend others

situational vs dispositional attribution in PTSD

if sit then less intense ptsd vs dis and blaming self

neurosis

psychodynamic theory that anxiery is just id vs ego

Barlow’s theory of panic

anxiety is a misperception of internal cues

GABA

nerurotransmitter closely related to anxiety

hysteria

old term for crazy women who had desires of baby or wandering uterus

spanos

believed DID was a role of enactment

Iatrogenesis

creation of disorder by trying to teach it with leading questions

la belle indifference

people with conversion disorder not bothered by sxs

pain disorder

psycholgoical factors increase pain

panic attacks

cued or uncued surge of intense fear with four or more ie chocking, sweating, cheast pain, fear dying

hypothalamatic-pituatary-adrenocortal axis

endocrine system hypothatumus, pituatary and adrenal glands for axiety

behavioral inhibition system

hippocampul area activated by brainstem for unexpected events

fight or flight system

activated by lack of seratonin

anxiety tendency

fear of anxiety symptoms. anxiety about anxiety

triple vulnerability theory

anxiety theory including generalized biological vulnerability, generalized psychological vulnerability (world dangerous and out of control) , and specific psychological vulnerability (taught fear by parents)

generalized anxiety disorder

at least 6 months of excessive difficult to control worry plus 3 or more symptoms. muscle tension common. twice female. activity in eeg on left hemi, benzodiazephines, antidepressants

metacognitions

maladaptive beliefs about worrying

interoceptive avoidance

avoid internal sensations

panic disorder

has panic attacks and estreme fear of having more. early adult, 2.7%. more women, 60% of these people also have nocturnal attacks

agoraphobia

fear of open or crowed places, need escape route, situations lead to fear or anxiery, 6 months or more

isolated sleep paralsis

feeling of falling or not being able to move when waking up or going to sleep

learned alarm

being with something that connects to when panic first occured after a real alarm

panic control treatment

expose panic disorder paitents to the physical sensations that remind them of a panic attack

specific phobia

6 months or more, out of proportion, always happens with stimulus. blood-injection-injury, natural env., situational, other, animal type. mostly female with 4-1. more common in hispanics. trauma by direct expierences, vicariously or information transmission (just told about phobia). exposed based treatment,

pa-leng or frigo phobia

chinese fear of cold related to yin energy