exam hints

things candidates get wrong idk just learn

precisely use technical terms

“what does reverse transcriptase produce?”

reverse transcriptase produces cDNA

DNA consists of a sequence of what

bases

what is the structure of purines (A and G)

double carbon ring

what is the structure of pyrimidines (T, C and U)

single carbon ring

make sure you know how to distinguish between DNA and RNA

DNA: deoxyribose

RNA: ribose

limiting factors do not slow the rate of reaction, rather… (enzymes)

rate plateaus and is prevented from increasing further

what happens to enzymes at low temperatures

lower kinetic energy, lower activity

(DO NOT DENATURE)

which type of animals have a large surface area to volume ratio

smaller animals (like mice and insects)

remember: LARGE SA:V = small animal (opposites)

don’t say veins are travelling closer to the skin, instead say…

veins are closer to the skin surface

how to distinguish between xylem and phloem in a diagram

XYLEM is on the INSIDE

phloem is on the outside

what is the difference between antigen and antibody

antigen: protein on the OUTSIDE of foreign organism

antibody: protein produced by body’s immune system

when referring to biodiversity at different levels it means…

• habitat biodiversity

• species biodiversity

• genetic biodiversity

species doesn’t refer to an individual organism

species is the second name in binomial nomenclature

humans are Homo sapiens

Homo: genus sapiens: species

where does vasoconstriction happen and what does it reduce

• occurs in the arteries (smooth muscle)

• reduces heat loss (heat is still lost but less)

where does ultrafiltration happen in kidneys

bowman’s capsule (nowhere else)

for action potentials don’t say signals or messages instead say…

an action potential is transmitted or propogated to the brain

why is it wrong to say “breaking bonds makes energy”?

because energy cannot be created or destroyed instead say “breaking bonds releases energy”

remember krebs cycle especially ATP

(erm we haven’t learnt krebs cycle yet remind me to change this)

remind me to update when we finish content