blood, blood groups, cells

human bio- circulatory system

Circulatory system

• body's internal transport system, it's a link between the requirements of the cells inside the body and the external environment which provides the requirements.

• transports oxygen, nutrients, waste

Functions of blood

• transports O2 and nutrients to cells

• transports CO2 and waste away from cells

• transports hormones to cells

• maintains hormones

• distribute heat and maintain body temperature

• clotting when blood vessels are damaged.

Components of blood

Plasma + formed elements

• plasma

• formed elements (non- liquid components)

• Erythrocytes

• leucocytes

• thrombocytes

Plasma + what is it made up of?

liquid component, around 55% of blood volume (matrix).

91% is water, rest is dissolved substances such as glucose, amino acids, ions, fases, hormones

Erythrocytes (RBC)

• lifespan, function, features

Red blood cells which carry oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide as waste.

Has no nucleus, is biconcave disc shaped, thicker edges = larger volume, increased surface area= exchange

produced in bone marrow, destroyed in spleen + spleen

life span of 120 days

leucocytes

• lifespan, function, features

Large but are few.

Removes dead/injured cells + invading micro organisms

found in bone marrow

mainly part of the immune system

leucocytes subtypes

Granulocytes, Monocytes & lymphocytes

Platelets

to stop and minimise bleeding, prevent infections after an injury that damage blood vessels

there are 3 steps,

1) vasoconstriction

2) platelet plug

3) coagulation

Vasoconstriction

damaged blood vessels constrict and leads to reduction in blood flow + blood loss

Platelet plug

internal walls of blood vessel that are smooth become rough, causing platelets to stick

this attracts more and more platelets, leading to a platelet plug

Vasoconstrictors

enhancing and prolonging constrition of blood vessels, limiting blood vessels

Coagulation

the clotting factors within the plasma cause clotting

• > formation of threads and protein fibres in trapped components

threads stick to the damaged blood vessels and hold the clot in place+ trap blood cells, platelets and plasma

What happens after the thrombus is formed?

these thread network contract to become stronger and denser, pulling edges of the damaged blood vessel together.

Antigens

Substances that trigger an immune response, the formation of an antibody.

• can be considered as a marker that indicate what cell type it is

RBC antigens

the surface of the RBC cell has antigens, which classify their blood group

What are the blood classification?

Blood A : anitigen A

blood B: antigen B

Blood type AB: antigen A + B

Blood type O: neither antigen is produced

What does the antigen mean?

Antigen A means that the cell has the marker for anrigen A. it produced anti - B antibodies, and likewise for the antigen B.

Rhesus Blood Groups

• based on an ion-channel antigen on RBC membrane

• Rh- able to produce anti Rh antibodies

• Rh+ not able to produce Rh antibodies

• Rh+ is common and -ve is rare

Where does oxygen go in blood during transportation?

3% is dissolved in plasma

97% is carried inside the RBS where it is combined with haemoglobin

Haemoglobin effects on RBC

increases oxygen carrying capacity 60-70x

Oxyhaemobg

Haemoglobin + concentration

in places fof high concentration, oxyhaemoglobin is formed

in places of low concentration, haemoglobin and oxygen is produced from the breakdown of oxyhemoglobin

What percentage of CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

7-8%

What percentage of CO2 combines with globin of hemoglobin + name?

22%, Carbaminohemoglobin

What percentage of CO2 is carried in plasma, how?

70%

CO2 reacts w/ water to form carbonic acid

carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

How are nutrients and waste transported ?

by being dissolved in the plasma

Inorganic nutrients transportation

inorganic nutrients are transported as ions

• Sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, iodide

Organic nutrients transportation

Organic nutrients are dissolved in the blood plasma

• glucose, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol

Agglutinate

when RBC's stick together to form clumps due to the patient's RBC form antibodies to destroy donor's antibodies

Whole blood

Blood from which none of the elements have been removed, including plasma, RBC, WBC, etc.

Red cell concentrates

• A component of blood used in transfusions;

• spinning blood in a centrifuge, seperating parts of the blood

Plasma transfusion

replace blood volume and clotting factors

Platelet concentrates

Given to patients with abnormal platelets or a reduced number of platelets

Cyroprecipitate

The blood is frozen and slowly thawed

Immunoglobins

• group of proteins acting as antibodies extracted from blood

• treating individuals deficient + serious infection

autologus transfusion

Blood is collected from and later reinfused into the same patient