lymphatic system

what is lymph?

Lymph is a special fluid from the plasma

How lymphatic vessels similar to veins?

Both lymphatic vessels and veins transport fluids back to the heart and have similar structures that include valves to prevent backflow.

Describe the pathway of lymph

through lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and eventually to the bloodstream.

What happens in lymph nodes?

Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, trapping harmful substances like bacteria and cancer cells, and they activate immune responses.

What are 3 lymphatic organs?

Spleen, thymus and tonsils

function of spleen

The spleen filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and plays a role in immune responses by producing lymphocytes.

function of thymus

The thymus is responsible for the maturation of T-lymphocytes, which are crucial for adaptive immunity, and it produces hormones that regulate immune cell development.

function of tonsils

The tonsils are part of the immune system and help trap and filter pathogens entering the body through the mouth and nose. They play a role in producing antibodies and activating immune responses.

What is non-specific immunity ?

Mechanisms that attack any irritant, Skin tears, and mucus membrane

how do the tears give us non-specific immunity ?

Tears are a natural antibiotic, washing out any harmful bacteria that gets into your eyes.

How does mucous give us non-specific immunity?

Mucous traps pathogens and particles, preventing them from entering the body and aiding in their removal through coughing or sneezing.

How does the skin give us non-specific immunity?

The skin serves as a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body. It also produces antimicrobial substances to deter infection.

What causes inflammatory response?

Increase of blood flow in that area

Describe natural specific immunity, simple

the adaptive immune response that develops from exposure to pathogens, providing long-lasting protection. Unintentional

describe artificial specific immunity

the adaptive immune response that results from intentional exposure to antigens, such as through vaccination, leading to acquired immunity.

Describe active immunity

the immunity acquired through the direct exposure to a pathogen or through vaccination, leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells.

describe passive immunity

the immunity through the transfer of antibodies from another individual, such as from mother to child during breastfeeding,

describe the relationship between antigens and antibodies

Antigens are foreign substances that provoke an immune response, while antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to specifically target and neutralize these antigens.

explain the simple function of complement proteins

Complement proteins enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear damaged cells, promote inflammation, , ultimately contributing to the immune response.

what do phagocytes cells do?

Phagocyte cells are immune cells that engulf and digest pathogens, debris, and dead cells, playing a crucial role in the immune system's defense against infections.

the difference between T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes ?

T-cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, and communication while B-cells are responsible for producing antibodies.

what is an antigen ?

protein molecules that may stimulate the immune system into action

what are antibodies

Proteins produced by B-cells that identify and neutralize pathogens like bacteria and viruses.

What do b-cells produce when they develop into plasma cells?

Antibodies that target specific antigens.

True or false? Antibodies have the ability to combine an inactive antigen

True

A way that Lymph is formed

plasma leaving the capillaries

if you had the measles you can’t get them again

natural active immunity

an important phagotic cell in the immune system

neutrophil

complement helps kill harmful cells by

drilling a hole in the cell memebrane

immunity that develops against polio after receding the vaccine is..

active artificial immunity

the immunity that comes from the injection of antibodies made by another person immune system is..

passive artificial immunity

things that B lymphocytes cells can do-

Develop into plasma cells, primary cell of immunity, develop into memory cells