Health science theory semester review

Penicillin

An antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, the first antibiotic to treat bacterial infections.

Renaissance Period

A significant time when the scientific method was used and the microscope was invented.

Joseph Lister

Considered the Father of antiseptic medicine, known for using soap to disinfect instruments.

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

Invented the microscope.

Clara Barton

Founder of the American Red Cross.

Edward Jenner

Pioneered the concept for vaccines, creating the smallpox vaccine.

Hippocrates

Known as the 'Father of Medicine', he was the first to believe that disease was caused naturally.

Louis Pasteur

Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax and pioneered the process of pasteurization.

Robert Hooke

First to visualize a microorganism.

Insurance Copay

A set amount of money collected at the time of a doctor's visit.

Deductible

An amount of money that must be paid before your insurance begins to pay for services.

HMO (Health Maintenance Organization)

A medical insurance where you must choose a primary care doctor; the company pays more if you go to a preferred doctor.

Premium

The amount of money that must be paid to purchase or obtain health insurance.

Social Security

A government system that provides monetary assistance to people with inadequate or no income, including Medicare and Medicaid.

TRICARE

An insurance plan for military-associated individuals.

Worker’s Comp

Government insurance providing medical benefits and wage replacement for work-related injuries.

CDC (Centers for Disease Control)

A government center that investigates and controls contagious diseases.

FDA (Food & Drug Administration)

Determines safety for medications, food, and products used in our bodies.

NIH (National Institute of Health)

The largest governmental agency for biomedical research.

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

Ensures safe and healthy working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards.

Biotechnology

A career pathway involving biological scientists, bioengineers, forensic scientists, microbiologists, and physiologists.

Diagnostic

A career pathway focused on diagnosing causes of diseases and disorders.

Health Informatics

A career bridging medicine and technology, involving clerical staff, human resources, and medical librarians.

Support Services

Careers that provide a clean, safe environment in healthcare facilities.

Therapeutic

Careers providing hands-on patient experience.

Community College

Usually offers a 2-year associate degree; some may offer certificate programs.

University

Institution where you can obtain a 4-year Bachelor's degree or more advanced degrees.

Technical/Vocational School

Provides training for specific careers post-high school, offering licenses or certificates.

License

Awarded by a state agency after meeting qualifications for a specific occupation, often after passing an exam.

Certificate

Awarded for completing a specific course of study and passing an exam.

Skeleton

Made up of bones, cartilage, and joints.

Integumentary System

Regulates body temperature, produces Vitamin D, excretes waste in sweat, and transmits sensory information.

Sudoriferous Gland

Sweat glands that regulate body temperature.

Sebaceous Gland

Deposits oily secretion on hair that covers skin.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle attached to bones that facilitates movement.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle lining the walls of internal organs.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle found only in the heart.

Cell

Basic unit of life that varies in function and can reproduce.

Tissue

Group of cells working together to accomplish a task.

Organ

Two or more groups of tissues working together.

Body System

Organs that work together to accomplish a complex task.

Digestive System

Includes the stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder.

Connective Tissue

Commonly holds body parts together, found in bones, muscles, and organs.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers external and internal body structures, such as skin.

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the body.

Physiology

Study of the function of the body.

Antibodies

Proteins in plasma that respond to foreign antigens.

Antigens

Foreign substances present in the immune system.

Cutaneous

Pertaining to the skin.

Dermis

Layer of skin containing follicles, sweat, and sebaceous glands.

Epidermis

Superficial layer of the skin that sheds dead skin cells.

Homeostasis

A balance maintained in body functions.

Obesity

Being severely overweight.

Subcutaneous

Pertaining to below or beneath the skin.

Arthro/o

Joint.

Brady-

Slow.

Cardi/o

Heart.

Col/o

Colon.

Crani/o

Cranium/Skull.

Dermato/o

Skin.

-ectomy

Surgical removal of a part.

Gastr/o

Stomach.

Hemat/o

Blood.

Hepat/o

Liver.

Hydr/o

Water.

Inter-

Within.

-itis

Inflammation.

Neur/o

Nerves.

-logy

Study of.

-ostomy

New opening.

-plasty

Surgical repair.

Rhin/o

Nose.

Tachy-

Fast.

-tomy

Cutting into.

TID

Three times a day.

NPO

Nothing by mouth.

Dorsal Cavity

Contains brain and spinal cord.

Ventral Cavity

Contains thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

LUQ

Contains stomach, pancreas, and spleen.

LLQ

Contains descending and sigmoid colon.

RUQ

Contains liver and gallbladder.

RLQ

Contains appendix.

Abduction

To move a limb away from the body.

Adduction

To move a limb toward the body.

Dorsal

Toward the back side of the body.

Extension

Increasing the angle of a joint.

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between joints.

Inferior

Closer to the feet.

Lateral

Further away from the midline.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Prone

Laying on stomach.

Superior

Closer to the head.

Supine

Laying on back.

Distal

Further from the point of attachment.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment.

Preventing illness

More cost-effective than treating an illness.

Atherosclerosis

A build-up of plaque inside arteries.

Autism

Mental health disorder that presents in early childhood, characterized by communication and relational difficulties.

Cardiac arrest

Sudden unexpected loss of heart function.

Cerebral Palsy

Congenital disease characterized by permanent partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination.