APUSH Nixon to Biden

Michael Dukakis

the central governor of Massachusetts who ending up winning the Democratic nomination for president but didn't address the ethical and economic sore spots and came across to American tv viewers as devoid of emotion, and so lost to George H.W. Bush in the presidential election, badly.

Dan Quayle

Republican vice-presidential nominee in the 1988 election; ridiculed for factual and linguistic mistakes; George H. Bush's running mate in 1988 and 1992 , who had a hard time spelling "potato"

“read my lips—no new taxes”

said by George H.W. Bush as he accepted the Republican nomination, stating that he would not tax the American people further. He eventually did raise taxes though as a way to lessen the national budget

Tiananmen Square

site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989 (pro-democracy)

the demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life, caused much resentment

Breakup of Soviet Union factors 1990

the long, stalemated war in Afghanistan.
Moscow's government failed to address long-term economic decline in Soviet republics.
restiveness with heavy-handed policies of communist police states.
emergence of Mikhail Gorbachev, revolutionary figure in world politics.

Boris Yeltsin

Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. His era was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. By the time he left office, he was a deeply unpopular figure in Russia, with an approval rating as low as two percent by some estimates.

START I & II (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

bilateral arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union. The result of the agreement was the first significant reduction in the number of strategic nuclear weapons in both the U.S. and the Soviet stockpiles; established a limit on strategic weapons and required that reductions be implemented in two phases

Manuel Noriega

Panamanian general and dictator from 1983 to 1989. Noriega was ousted from power after the U.S. invasion in late 1989, convicted in the United States of drug trafficking, and imprisoned in Miami, Florida.

Invasion of Panama

The United States sent in Marines to Panama to topple President Manuel Noriega, who was deeply involved in the drug trade. The action was taken because the United States needed a stable government to complete the transfer of the Panama Canal to the control of the Panamanian government This episode, which involved 25,000 America troops but brought few casualties, provided a new model for post-war military strategy.
• Panama was yet another American intervention that sparked controversy in Latin America.

Persian Gulf War

after Iraq invaded Kuwait, the US invaded Iraq to liberate Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation: Desert Storm

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

Desert Storm

Encouraged by President George H.W. Bush, the UN condemned Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and gathered an international military force. In February 1991, the U.S. and its allies attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait. The Iraqi's were driven from Kuwait, but Saddam Hussein remained in power in Iraq.

Operation "Desert Shield"

After Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990, President George H.W. Bush sent American troops to protect Saudi Arabia. Bush was determined not to let Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein threaten or capture Saudi Arabia's enormous oil reserves.

Norman Schwarzkopf

American general during the Gulf War, known as "Stormin' Norman"; led Operation Desert Storm, part of his strategy to follow continuous bombing with a ground strike.

Americans with Disabilities Act 1990

discrimination against a disabled person is illegal in employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications and government activities

Rodney King

an African-American motorist driver who, in 1991 was stopped and then beaten by Los Angeles Police Department officers (Laurence Powell, Timothy Wind

Los Angeles Race Riots

In 1992 the city of LA rioted after 4 police officers were aquitted after the beating of Rodney King

27^th Amendment

No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

Exxon Valdez

1989 oil spill in Alaska when an oil tanker hit a coral reef and spilled between 11 and 38 million US gallons of gas. A HUGE environmental disaster killing many fish and animals within the area of the oil spill.

William Jefferson Clinton

was the 42nd president of the United States, the first of the "Baby-Boomer" era. He claimed to be a "new Democrat" to combat allegations against him. His main goals were to fix the economy, which he did by suppressing unemployment rates, controlling inflation, funding social programs, and installing NAFTA. He was also caught in a scandal involving Monica Lewinsky, a White House intern.

Filibustering

This is an attempt to obstruct a particular decision from being taken by using up the time available, typically through an extremely long speech. This would prevent the "opposing" party to pass an unfavorable law and ultimately force a compromise.

Brady Handgun bill (Brady Bill)

handgun violence prevention act. It was legislation that established a five-day waiting period for handgun purchases, while also stipulating that background checks must be made for prospective gun-purchasers.
I: The bill was dedicated to a man who was paralyzed during the assassination attempt of Reagan by Hinkley Jr.

Ross Perot

was a businessman who ran as an Independent in 1992, harped incessantly on the problem of the federal deficit, and made a boast of the fact that he had never held any public office.

helped bring a record voting turnout and had the strongest showing for a third party candidate since Teddy Roosevelt.

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) ‘93

Trade agreement that included Mexico, Canada, and the United States. It was a symbol of the increased reality of a globalized market place.

Newt Gingrich

As Speaker of the House, this outspoken Georgia Congressman introduced the "Contract with America" in 1994.

Contract with America

Multi-point program offered by Republican candidates and sitting politicians in the 1994 midterm election. The platform proposed smaller government, Congressional ethics reform, term limits, great emphasis on personal responsibility, and a general repudiation of the Democratic party. This articulation of dissent was a significant blow to the Clinton Administration and led to the Republican party's takeover of both houses of Congress for the first time in half a century.

1993 World Trade Center Bombing

terrorist attack in New York City on February 26, 1993, in which a truck bomb exploded in a basement-level parking garage under the World Trade Center complex. Six people were killed and more than 1,000 were injured in what was at that time the deadliest act of terrorism perpetrated on U.S. soil.

Oklahoma City Bombing, 1995

 terrorist attack in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S., on April 19, 1995, in which a massive homemade bomb composed of more than two tonnes of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and fuel oil concealed in a rental truck exploded, heavily damaging the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building

Timothy McVeigh

A Persian Gulf War veteran who sought revenge against the government after the events of the Waco siege. He detonated a truck bomb in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, being considered the deadliest terrorist attack prior to 9/11.

Columbine

At Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, two teens went on a shooting spree on April 20, 1999, killing 13 people and wounding more than 20 others before turning their guns on themselves and committing suicide. The Columbine shooting was, at the time, the worst high school shooting in U.S. history and prompted a national debate on gun control and school safety, as well as a major investigation to determine what motivated the gunmen, Eric Harris, 18, and Dylan Klebold, 17.

Matthew Sheppard

Gay college student beaten to death in hate crime

Brought national and international attention to hate crime legislation. (2010 Matthew Shepard Act)

Kyoto Protocol

1997, an agreement of 55 industrial nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 5.2% each year (USA did not sign under GW Bush)

Condoleezza Rice

was political science professor at Stanford for 3 decades; first woman and black to serve as provost for Stanford University; 2001 first black woman to serve on the National Security Council; 2005-2009 first black woman to serve as Secretary of State; believed in transformational diplomacy of building sustaining democratic states around the world

Family and Medical Leave Act

1993; Requires employers with 50 or more workers to grant up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave a year to allow workers to take time off to help care for a new baby or an ill family member without fear of losing their jobs.

Bob Dole

Attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas (1969-1996) longest serving Republican leader. Was the 1996 presidential nominee for the Republican party but lost to Bill Clinton. (Gerald Ford's VP running mate in 1976 election).

Whitewater Real Estate Deal

Allegations of corrupt real estate deal (Whitewater) while he was governor of Arkansas triggered investigation by special prosecutor

Clinton Impeachment

impeached by Congress for lying under oath about his affair with Monica Lewinsky.

Madeleine Albright

first woman to become United States Secretary of State. She was nominated by President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996

Janet Reno

served as the Attorney General of the United States. She was nominated by President Bill Clinton on February 11, 1993, and confirmed on March 11, 1993. She was the first woman to serve as Attorney General and the second longest serving Attorney General after William Wirt.

Battle of Mogadishu 1993

A UN operation went into the capital of Somalia to help and ensure humanitarian aid, yet they were met with resistance by the Somalis. Somalian resistance shot down two American black hawk helicopters, and dragged dead American soldiers through the streets. This caused unrest in Somalia and the U.S.. After this event, the U.S. left Somalia, which was taken as a sign of weakness to the Somalis.

Yugoslavia

Civil war broke out as the Communist regime fell, Yugoslavia was divided up into Serbia, Bosnia-Hergezovenia, Macedonia, Croatia and Slovenia. Fighting broke out as Serbs attempted to gain control of the entire territory; instituted a policy of "ethnic" cleansing

Nelson Mandela

The African leader who had served 27 years in prison for conspiring to overthrow the South African government. He was freed in 1990 and 4 years later was elected South Africa's president.

Vladimir Putin

elected president of Russia in 2000, launched reforms aimed at boosting growth and budget revenues and keeping Russia on a strong economic track.

Slobodan Milosevic

uncompromising Serbian nationalist who launched a ruthless campaign of "ethnic cleansing" to create a Serbian state in Yugoslaia

Nuclear proliferation

the spread of nuclear weapons to new nations

globalization

regional societies, economies, & cultures become joined together through international trade, transportation, and communication. It benefited American consumers because it offered new and varied products at low prices (from foreign countries).

WTO (World Trade Organization)

International organization that moderates global trade; this step towards a global free-trade market was promoted by Clinton, but met with vigorous protests during a meeting in Seattle, with protesters railing against the human and economic effects of "globalization".

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

European Union (EU), euro

In 1992, the nations of Western Europe created the European Union and moved towards the creation of a single federal state. It accounted for a fifth of all global imports and exports.
- In 2002, the EU introduced a single currency, the euro, which soon rivaled the dollar and the Japanese yen as a major international currency. Militarily, the EU remained a secondary power.

Group of Seven (G-7), G-8

- During the final decades of the Cold War, the leading capitalist industrial nations formed the Group of Seven (G7) to manage global economic policy.
- Russia joined in 1997, creating the Group of 8. The G8 nations—the US, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Canada, and Russia—largely controlled the major international financial organizations: the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
- The GATT evolved into the World Trade Organization, which regulated and formalized trade agreements with member states.

Election of 2000, Bush v. Gore

Originally Gore won his case and the ballots were manually recounted; however, George W. Bush explained that the manual recount undermined the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. George W. Bush believed that the recount violated the American presidential election system. Bush believed the recount violated the preservation of equality and uniformity that existed within the administrative system. The United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of George Bush in Bush v. Gore. The Supreme Court explained that the state of Florida violated the 14th Amendment by enacting a recounting procedure. Specifically, the recounting procedure violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

No Child Left Behind

2002, A law passed by President George W. Bush meant to try to help students in minority heavy schools succeed. A revision of the The Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Enron

The Enron scandal, revealed in October 2001, eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation, an American energy company based in Houston, Texas, and the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which was one of the five largest audit and accountancy partnerships in the world. In addition to being the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that time, Enron was attributed as the biggest audit failure.

1998 – Kenya/Tanzania embassy bombing

embassy bombings were attacks that occurred on 7 August 1998, in which over 200 people were killed in nearly simultaneous truck bomb explosions in two East African cities, one at the United States Embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, the other at the United States Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Pg. 1084

September 11, 2001

Common shorthand for the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, in which 19 militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing them to collapse. One plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania. Nearly 3000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history.

Axis of Evil

George W. Bush's term for Iraq, Iran, and North Korea based on accusations that they harbored terrorists and were developing weapons of mass destruction

General Colin Powell

Colin Powell was an American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama.. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.

Osama bin Laden

(1957-) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Taliban

a Sunni Islamist nationalist and pro-Pashtun movement founded in the early 1990s that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until October 2001.

War on Terror

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

USS Cole in Yemen

On October 12, 2000, suicide terrorists exploded a small boat alongside the USS Cole as it was refueling in the Yemeni port of Aden

USA Patriot Act

significantly expanded law enforcement authority to surveill and capture communications.

The main purpose of the Patriot Act is to combat terrorism by tracing money that funds terrorist groups.

War in Afghanistan

America invaded Afghanistan less than two months after the 9/11 attacks. Afghanistan was under the control of the Taliban, which supported the mastermind on the 9/11 attacks, Osama Bin Laden. Bin Laden escaped to neighboring Pakistan, and the Taliban was overthrown, but fighting remains to this day.

Department of Homeland Security

Agency created in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks; charged with protecting the nation's borders and identifying potential terrorists.

Iraq War

The USA went to war with Saddam Hussein because Hussein kicked out UN weapons inspectors, he was building weapons of mass destruction, he didn't obey the no-fly zones limitations, he was a savage dictator.

Election of 2004

President Bush ran for a second term

Democrats chose Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts, a Vietnam War hero who turned against the war

High voter turnout gave Bush a sizeable popular vote but a narrower electoral victory

Election of 2008

Outgoing Republican President George W. Bush's policies and actions and the American public's desire for change were key issues throughout the campaign.

Democrat Barack Obama, then junior United States Senator from Illinois, defeated Republican John McCain.

It was also the first time the Republican Party nominated a woman for Vice President (Sarah Palin, then-Governor of Alaska).

Election of 2012, 2016

The Democratic nominee, incumbent President Barack Obama, and his running mate, Vice President Joe Biden, were elected to a second term.

Their major challengers were the Republican nominee, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, and his running mate, Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin;

Donald Trump (Republican) vs
Hillary Clinton (Democratic)
Trump won

FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)

They barely did anything to clean up after Hurricane Katrina

Abu Ghraib

A detention facility near Baghdad, Iraq. Under Saddam Hussein, the prison was the site of infamous torturing and execution of political dissidents.

Hurricane Katrina

The costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States, which killed nearly two thousand Americans. The storm ravaged the Gulf Coast, especially the city of New Orleans, in late August 2005. In New Orleans, high winds and rain caused the city's levees to break, leading to catastrophic flooding, particularly in the city's most impoverished wards. A tardy and feeble response by local and federal authorities exacerbated the damage and led to widespread criticism of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

Housing Bubble

a real estate bubble affecting over half of the U.S. states. Housing prices peaked in early 2006, started to decline in 2006 and 2007, and reached new lows in 2012. On December 30, 2008, the Case-Shiller home price index reported its largest price drop in its history. The credit crisis resulting from the bursting of the housing bubble is—according to general consensus—an important cause of the 2007-2009 recession in the United States. In (10/07) the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury called the bursting housing bubble "the most significant risk to our economy"

Economic Stabilization Act of 2008

creating a $700 billion Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) to purchase failing assets that included mortgages from financial institutions

Barack Obama

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

John McCain

This Republican senator was a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War and is seeking the Republican nomination in the 2008 presidential election

Sarah Palin

Republican vice-presidential candidate with John McCain in the 2008 election, the second woman to run for vice president of a major party and the first Republican. Palin served on the city council and as mayor of her hometown of Wasilla, Alaska from 1996-2002 and then in 2006 was elected governor of the state. Relatively unknown nationally, Palin's social conservatism made her popular among the evangelical wing of the Republican Party, which had been distrustful of McCain.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

ARRA,intended to create jobs and promote investment and consumer spending during the recession that followed the financial collapse in 2008. No Republicans in the House and only 3 Republicans in the Senate voted for this bill, arguing against the massive growth in federal spending

Obamacare

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

It is a US federal statute signed into law by Obama on March 23, 2010. Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act amendment, it represents the most significant regulatory overhaul of the U.S. healthcare system since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. It was enacted to increase the quality and affordability of health insurance, lower the uninsured rate by expanding public and private insurance coverage, and reduce the costs of healthcare for individuals and the government

Trump

American businessman, politician, television personality, author, and candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Trump is the Chairman and President of The Trump Organization, as well as the founder of the gaming and hotel enterprise, Trump Entertainment Resorts, now owned by Carl Icahn.

Joe Biden

United States senator from Delaware since 1973 and selected by Barack Obama in 2008 as the Democratic candidate for vice president. Joe Biden had unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president in 1988 and 2008. As a longtime senator, former chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, and current chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Biden brought experience and maturity to the Democratic ticket in 2008.