CIVVVV

What kind of government did Russia have in 1916?

an autocratic monarchy

Who had the most power in Russia?

the tsar

Was Russia more or less autocratic than other European countries?

More autocratic.

How long had Russian society been unstable?

Since the mid-1800s.

What caused the instability?

Failed industry, repression, pogroms.

What was happening to Russian soldiers in WW1?

millions were dying

How was Russia doing in WW1 battles?

losing badly

What was the Tsar and Tsarina's relationship like?

they were in love

What illness did the heir to the throne have?

hemophilia

Who were the Communists?

Extreme liberal-minded revolutionaries.

What kind of change did Communists believe in?

Revolutionary change.

What did Communists want?

Equality and no private property.

Did other countries have communist parties?

Yes, many industrialized ones.

Why was Russia ready for a communist revolution?

Conditions were ripe for change.

What happened in 1917?

Protests and mutinies.

What did these events force Nicholas II to do?

Abdicate the throne.

What did the new government want?

Reform and democracy.

What major mistake did the new government make?

Stayed in WW1.

What was the result of staying in the war?

It led to their downfall.

Who was Vladimir Lenin?

An exiled Russian Marxist.

What did Lenin write?

Communist pamphlets.

What did Lenin speak out against?

the government

What kind of speaker was Lenin?

powerful speaker

What did Lenin say workers needed for revolution?

Guidance from a soviet.

Who helped Lenin return to Russia in 1917?

the germans

What were Soviets?

Socialist worker councils.

What did Soviets become?

Powerful and influential.

What was the most influential Soviet?

The Petrograd Soviet.

What did the Petrograd Soviet demand?

An end to Russia's role in WW1.

Who were the Bolsheviks?

Communist radicals.

What did they take control of?

The Petrograd Soviet.

What was the Bolsheviks' slogan?

"Peace, Land and Bread."

What did they do across Russia?

Riled up the working classes.

What happened in Red October (1917)?

Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government.

Who became in power after Red October?

Lenin

What did Lenin do regarding WW1?

Withdrew Russia from the war.

What did Lenin publish?

Secret agreements with other countries.

What did Russia descend into after the revolution?

Civil war (1917-1923).

How many Russians died in the civil war?

up to 10 milllionn

What happened to the Tsar and his family?

They were executed.

What was the new name of Russia after the revolution?

soviet union - USSR

How long was the Soviet Union the only communist country?

25 years

How was the Soviet Union viewed?

as a pariah (outcast)

What happened after WW2?

Soviet influence grew worldwide.

quick check

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What were socialist worker councils called?

soviets

Who were the radicals who took control of the Petrograd Soviet?

The Bolsheviks.

What type of ideology is Communism?

extreme liberal ideology

Who coined the idea of Communism?

karl marx

What did Communism focus on?

the future, not the past

Who did Communism appeal to?

Downtrodden laborers of the Industrial Revolution.

What was the belief in Communism?

all people are equal

Was Communism ever fully achieved?

no

What did Communism aim to abolish?

Private property and religion.

What was the goal of Communism?

to spread around the world

What was the Russian Civil War?

A multi-party civil war (1917-1923).

How many people died in the Civil War?

An estimated 10 million.

What was the Red Terror?

Lenin's use of terror and secret police.

Who were targeted during the Red Terror?

"The Whites."

What dominated Russia during the Civil War?

Political oppression.

What was War Communism?

A temporary measure that became mostly permanent.

What kind of government control did War Communism lead to?

Authoritarian control over everything.

What did the government control?

Industry, foreign trade, and banned private enterprise.

What happened to workers under War Communism?

Strict discipline (no strikes) and obligatory labor for non-working class.

What did the government seize?

All private property.

What was outlawed under War Communism?

religion

What impact did War Communism have on the economy?

It caused major damage.

What was the New Economic Policy (NEP)?

Lenin's temporary plan to strengthen the economy.

What did the NEP introduce?

Aspects of capitalism.

What did the NEP allow?

Private ownership of light industry and retail.

What did the NEP open up?

Foreign investment.

What did the NEP permit for farmers?

Small farmers could own land and sell goods at market.

What did the state still control?

Heavy industry, banking, transport, and foreign trade.

What was the result of the NEP?

The economy grew.

How did communists feel about the NEP?

It was polarizing for communist purists.

What happened in 1924?

Lenin died of a stroke.

What happened after Lenin's death?

A deadly fight for leadership among his lieutenants.

Who was Leon Trotsky?

An idealistic leader and Lenin's successor.

What happened to Trotsky?

He was forced into exile.

Where did Trotsky settle?

In Mexico.

What happened to Trotsky in 1940?

He was assassinated by a Soviet agent on Stalin's orders.

Who was Joseph Stalin?

A violent, paranoid leader (1924-1953).

How did Stalin come to power?

He took over after a power struggle following Lenin's death.

What did Stalin do with the New Economic Policy?

He abolished its measures.

What did Stalin focus on?

industrialization

How did Stalin rule at first?

He ruled collectively with others until the 1930s.

What did Stalin become in the 1930s?

A totalitarian dictator.

What does Stalin mean?

"Man of Steel" (a name he gave himself).

What were the Five Year Plans?

Stalin's programs to modernize and industrialize the Soviet Union.

What was the result of the Five Year Plans?

The USSR industrialized at a huge cost.

What did Stalin force people to do?

Relocate to areas of development.

How many people died as a result of the first Five Year Plan?

7 million

What was collectivization?

The process of combining individual farms into state-controlled farms.

Why did Soviet leadership implement collectivization?

To increase the food supply and reduce individualism.

What was the result of collectivization?

It was a failure, and the food supply decreased.

What was the Holodomor (1932-1933)?

The starvation of 5 million Ukrainians due to collectivization.

What was the purpose of the Holodomor?

To break Ukrainian nationalism.

What were the Stalinist Purges?

Stalin had 11 million "enemies" arrested, jailed, or executed.

What was the purpose of the purges?

To remove political enemies (real and perceived).