unit 8 kbat - development

abstract thinking

ability to think about concepts and ideas that are not physically present → problem-solving and understanding complex situations

accommodation

changing existing schema to accommodate new info

develops new schema

achievement (adolescent development)

committing to an identity after exploration

adolescence

the transitional stage of development between childhood and adulthood, characterized by physical, emotional, and social changes

adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

traumatic events occurring in childhood that negatively impact development and well-being

animism

a belief system that attributes spiritual essence to animals, plants, and inanimate objects

anxious attachment

seeks excessive closeness and fears abandonment

assimilation

child fits new info into existing ways of knowing

attachment styles

the patterns of how individuals form emotional bonds and interact in relationships, influenced by early experiences with caregivers

authoritarian parenting

a strict, high-demanding parenting style with low responsiveness

authoritative parenting

a balanced parenting style combining high demands with high responsiveness

autonomy and shame and doubt

independence → caregivers encourage independence + self-sufficiency, positive sense of self

inadequacy → overly restrictive caregiving leads to feeling inadequate + lack of control

avoidant attachment

avoids closeness and dependency

chronological development

the progression of development milestones in a sequential order based on age

chronosystem

changes over time that influence development

concrete operational stage

6-12 yrs

expanding schemas → classifies into larger classes by a number of characteristics, can focus on >1 feature of a problem

conservation

understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement

crucial in cognitive development during the concrete operational stage

continuous devleopment

a gradual, ongoing process where development occurs in small steps rather than in distinct stages

critical periods

skills/behaviors that must be acquired during a certain period

cross-sectional study

a research method that compares participants from different age groups at a single point in time to understand developmental changes

crystallized intelligence

storage of knowledge

increases with age

dementia

a decline in cognitive function that affects memory, thinking, and social abilities, often associated with aging

diffusion (adolescent development)

lack of commitment or exploration

discontinuous development

the theory that development occurs in distinct stages, with each stage involving qualitative changes in thinking and behavior

disorganized attachment

displays inconsistent and contradictory behaviors

ecological systems theory

explains how an individual's development is influenced by different environmental systems, from immediate surroundings to broader cultural contexts

egocentrism

cognitive bias where a person has difficulty in seeing a situation from another person's perspective

associated with pre-operational stage of development

emerging adulthood

a developmental stage between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood, typically ranging from ages 18 to 25, characterized by exploration and self-discovery

erik erikson and stages

outlines eight key conflicts that shape personality and social functioning throughout the lifespan

exosystem

indirect environments that affect the individual

familial identity

the sense of belonging and connection to one's family, influencing personal values and self-perception

fine motor coordination

the ability to use small muscles for precise movements, such as grasping or manipulating objects

fluid intelligence

speed reasoning

decreases with age

foreclosure (adolescent development)

committing to an identity without exploration

formal operational stage

deductive logic (general statements used to form specific conclusions)

potential for mature reasoning

gender roles/identity

socially constructed roles and behaviors that society considers appropriate for men and women

generativity and stagnation

during middle adulthood (work/parenthood)

care → unselfish concern for welfare of others + future generations

dissatisfaction → self-indulgence, self-absorption, lack of future orientation leads to dissatisfaction, boredom, lack of meaningful accomplishments

gross motor coordination

the ability to use large muscle groups to perform movements such as walking, jumping, and climbing

growth spurt

rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty, marking significant physical development

habituation/dishabituation

habituation → decrease in response with repeated stimulus, more stimulus presented → weaker response

dishabituation → new stimulus increases strength of habituated response

harry harlow

found that infants prefer comfort over nourishment when frightened/stressed

hypothetical thinking

the ability to consider possibilities and imagine outcomes that are not directly observable, often used in problem-solving and reasoning

identity and role confusion

during adolescence (social relationships)

stable self → experimentation w roles, develop stable self-definition, sense of both unique/acceptance

unclear sense of self → sense of self as fragmented, confused about role in society

imaginary audience

belief that others are constantly watching/judging

imprinting

a critical period in early development where young animals form attachments to caregivers or objects

industry and inferiority

6 yrs - puberty (school)

competence → adequacy in basic social and intellectual skills, acceptance by peers, pride

inadequacy → lack of self-confidence, feelings of failure + inadequacy

initiative and guilt

3 yrs - 6 yrs (exploration)

purpose → initiate activities + develop sense of social responsibility, promotes self-confidence, creativity

guilt → parental over control stifles spontaneity, sense of purpose, fear of punishment

insecure attachment

emotional bonds characterized by anxiety/avoidance

integrity and despair

during late adulthood/old (reflection on life)

wisdom → sense of wholeness, satisfaction w life/accomplishments, wisdom, insight

regret → dissatisfaction + disappointment about life, feelings of failure

intimacy and isolation

during early adulthood (relationships)

love → establishing lasting/meaningful relationships, connectedness, commitment, closeness w others, balance work/relationships

isolated → fear of rejection/excessive self-preoccupation, unable to form close/meaningful relationships, denial of intimacy needs

jean piaget and stages

theory of cognitive development in children

includes four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

lev vygotsky

believed that learning is social and occurs thru interactions with others

lifespan development

the study of how people change and grow from infancy through old age, encompassing physical, cognitive, and social development

longitudinal study

a research method that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods, often years or decades

macrosystem

the broader cultural and societal influences

mary ainsworth

studied infants reactions when placed in strange situations

secure/insecure attachment

maturation

biological growth processes (changes in behavior) and physical/psychological milestones

menarche

the first occurrence of menstruation in females

menopause

the natural cessation of menstruation and fertility in women

mental symbols

representations of objects or events in the mind, crucial for cognitive development

mesosystem

the connections between microsystems

microsystem

the immediate environment in which an individual interacts

moratorium (adolescent development)

actively exploring identities without commitment

nature and nurture

the interplay between genetic and environmental influences on development

object permanence

understanding that objects/people still exist when they’re hidden from sight

occupational identity

the sense of self derived from one's work and career roles, influencing personal and social identity

parallel play

a type of play where children play alongside each other without interacting directly

independence

evolves into more interactive/cooperative play over time

permissive parenting

a lenient, low-demand parenting style with high responsiveness

personal fable

belief in one’s uniqueness and invulnerability

possible selves

an individual’s envisioned future selves, including aspirations and fears

preoperational stage

symbols, language, classified by one trait (based on schema), thinks objects have life (animism)

pretend play

nurtures creativity + social understanding

primary sex characteristics

physical features directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus in females and the penis in males

puberty

the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction, marked by the development of secondary sex characteristics

racial/ethnic identity

how individuals perceive and relate to their racial and ethnic background

reflexes

babies born with innate reflexes

rooting, sucking, grasping, moro/startle, babinski

religious identity

connection to religious beliefs and practices

reversibility

the understanding that actions or processes can be reversed, allowing for the recognition that certain changes can be undone

rooting reflex

when babies open mouth when brushed on cheek

scaffolding (as it pertains to vygotsky)

support provided by more knowledgeable individuals to help a learner achieve a task they cannot complete independently

collaboration

schemas

mental structures that organize knowledge and guide information processing

secondary sex characteristics

physical traits that develop during puberty, such as breast development in females and facial hair in males

secure attachment

a strong emotional bond where the individual feels confident and supported

sensitive periods

critical times in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily acquired

sensorimotor stage

develop coordination of sensory input

reaches for objects, exploration

separation anxiety

distress experienced when separated from a primary caregiver

sexual orientation

attraction to others based on gender

social clock

societal expectations for achieving life milestones

spermarche

the onset of sperm production in males, typically occurring during puberty

stability and change

the concept that some aspects of development remain constant while others are subject to change over time

stage theory of psychosocial development (erikson)

a framework proposed by Erik Erikson that outlines eight stages of human development, each characterized by a specific conflict crucial for personal growth and identity formation

systematic thinking

a structured approach to problem-solving that involves analyzing information in a logical manner, considering various factors and potential outcomes

temperament

the innate traits that influence how one reacts to the environment

teratogens

substances that cause developmental abnormalities in a fetus

includes drugs, alcohol, and certain infections

theory of mind

the ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and desires that differ from one's own

trust and mistrust

during birth - 18 months (feeding)

trust → hope, safety, security, ability to rely on caregivers

mistrust → insecurity, anxiety, fear (can be carried on throughout life)

visual cliff

an experimental tool used to assess depth perception in infants, involving a glass surface that creates the illusion of a drop-off

zone of proximal development

range between what learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance