Hypnotics, Tranquilizers, & Sedatives

Hypnotics, Tranquilizers, & Sedatives

Main groups in the notes:

1. Tranquilizers

2. Sedatives

3. Barbiturates

4. Chloral Hydrates

5. Benzodiazepines

6. Phenothiazines

7. Thioxanthene

8. Butyrophenone

9. Rauwolfia

Mnemonic:
“Tranq, Sedate, Barbs, Chloral, Benzo, Pheno, Thio, Butyro, Rauwolfia.”

HYPNOTICS, TRANQUILIZERS, & SEDATIVES MEMORY ANCHOR
This set = what major structure?

T-S-B-C-B-P-T-B-R

1. Tranquilizers

2. Sedatives

3. Barbiturates

4. Chloral Hydrates

5. Benzodiazepines

6. Phenothiazines

7. Thioxanthene

8. Butyrophenone

9. Rauwolfia

Mnemonic:
“Tranq Sedates Barbs, Chloral Benzos, Pheno Thio Butyro Rauwolfia.”

Enumerate the major groups under Hypnotics, Tranquilizers, & Sedatives. Mnemonic?

Tranquilizers act without drowsiness.

Mnemonic:
“Tranquil = calm but not sleepy.”

What are Tranquilizers according to the notes?

Sedatives cause:

1. Drowsiness

2. Hypnosis

Mnemonic:
“Sedative = sleepy and hypnotic.”

What are Sedatives according to the notes?

Tranquilizers → without drowsiness
Sedatives → drowsiness and hypnosis

Mnemonic:
“Tranq = calm awake; Sedative = sleepy.”

Differentiate Tranquilizers and Sedatives.

Barbiturates

Routes:

1. Oral route

2. Injectable

Dose effect:

1. Low dose → hypnotic

2. Much lower dose → sedative

Drugs → B-P-A-S-P

Mnemonic:
“Barbs by mouth or injection; low hypnotic, lower sedative.”

BARBITURATES MEMORY ANCHOR
Barbiturates = what major structure?

O-I

1. Oral route

2. Injectable

Mnemonic:
“Oral or Inject Barbs.”

Barbiturates may be given through what routes? Mnemonic?

Hypnotic.

Mnemonic:
“Low barbs = hypnosis.”

At low dose, Barbiturates become what?

Sedative.

Mnemonic:
“Much lower barbs = sedative.”

At much lower dose, Barbiturates become what?

Low dose → hypnotic
Much lower dose → sedative

Mnemonic:
“Lower = sedative; low = hypnotic.”

What is the dose relationship of Barbiturates according to the notes?

B-P-A-S-P

1. Barbital

2. Phenobarbital

3. Amobarbital

4. Secobarbital

5. Pentobarbital

Mnemonic:
“Barb Pheno Amo Seco Pento.”

Enumerate the Barbiturates listed. Mnemonic?

B = Barbital
P = Phenobarbital
A = Amobarbital
S = Secobarbital
P = Pentobarbital

Mnemonic:
“Barb Pheno Amo Seco Pento.”

What does B-P-A-S-P stand for under Barbiturates?

Barbiturates.

Mnemonic:
“Barbital = Barbiturate.”

Barbital belongs to what drug group?

Barbiturates.

Mnemonic:
“PhenoBARBital = Barbiturate.”

Phenobarbital belongs to what drug group?

Barbiturates.

Mnemonic:
“AmoBARBital = Barbiturate.”

Amobarbital belongs to what drug group?

Barbiturates.

Mnemonic:
“SecoBARBital = Barbiturate.”

Secobarbital belongs to what drug group?

Barbiturates.

Mnemonic:
“PentoBARBital = Barbiturate.”

Pentobarbital belongs to what drug group?

Chloral Hydrates

Good choice as hypnotics.

Mnemonic:
“Chloral hydrates help hypnosis.”

CHLORAL HYDRATES MEMORY ANCHOR
Chloral Hydrates = what major structure?

Hypnotics.

Mnemonic:
“Chloral = choice hypnotic.”

Chloral Hydrates are a good choice as what?

Benzodiazepines

Main action in notes → muscle relaxants

Drugs:

1. Diazepam

2. Midazolam

3. Chlordiazepoxide

Mnemonic:
“Benzo relaxes muscles: Dia, Mida, Chlordia.”

BENZODIAZEPINES MEMORY ANCHOR
Benzodiazepines = what major structure?

Muscle relaxants.

Mnemonic:
“Benzo = body relax.”

Benzodiazepines act mainly as what according to the notes?

D-M-C

1. Diazepam

2. Midazolam

3. Chlordiazepoxide

Mnemonic:
“Dia Mida Chlordia.”

Enumerate the Benzodiazepines listed. Mnemonic?

Muscle relaxant drug.

Mnemonic:
“Diazepam drops muscle tension.”

Diazepam is what kind of drug?

Mood stabilizer.

Mnemonic:
“Diazepam stabilizes mood.”

Diazepam also acts as what according to the notes?

M-M

1. Muscle relaxant drug

2. Mood stabilizer

Mnemonic:
“Muscle and Mood.”

Diazepam has what 2 actions? Mnemonic?

Muscle relaxant.

Mnemonic:
“Mida makes muscles mild.”

Midazolam is what kind of drug?

Hypnotic.

Mnemonic:
“Mida makes sleep.”

Midazolam may also act as what?

Zolazepam.

Mnemonic:
“Mida mixes with Zola.”

Midazolam is mixed with what drug?

M-H-Z

1. Muscle relaxant

2. Hypnotic

3. Mixed with Zolazepam

Mnemonic:
“Mida relaxes, hypnotizes, mixes with Zola.”

Midazolam has what 3 key points? Mnemonic?

Liver.

Mnemonic:
“Chlordia checks the liver.”

Chlordiazepoxide may normally affect what organ?

Icterus.

Mnemonic:
“Chlordia liver effect = icterus.”

Chlordiazepoxide may affect the liver and cause what?

Chlordiazepoxide.

Mnemonic:
“Chlordia = liver icterus.”

Which Benzodiazepine may cause liver effect leading to icterus?

Phenothiazines

Tranquilizer/sedative without analgesic effects.

Drugs:

1. Acepromazine / Xylazine

2. Chlorpromazine

3. Promazine

4. Triflupromazine

5. Ethylisobuterazine

Mnemonic:
“Pheno calms/sedates, but no analgesia.”

PHENOTHIAZINE MEMORY ANCHOR
Phenothiazines = what major structure?

Analgesic effects.

Mnemonic:
“Pheno calms but does not relieve pain.”

Phenothiazines are tranquilizer/sedatives without what effect?

A-C-P-T-E

1. Acepromazine / Xylazine

2. Chlorpromazine

3. Promazine

4. Triflupromazine

5. Ethylisobuterazine

Mnemonic:
“Ace Chlor Pro Tri Ethyl.”

Enumerate the Phenothiazine drugs listed. Mnemonic?

Acepromazine / Xylazine

Commonly used in horses
Reason → visual and auditory are not affected
Side effect in horses → priapism
Priapism → penile prolapse and does not retract

Mnemonic:
“Ace/Xyla in horses: senses okay, penis problem.”

ACEPROMAZINE / XYLAZINE MEMORY ANCHOR
Acepromazine / Xylazine = what major structure?

Horses.

Mnemonic:
“Ace/Xyla = horse calm.”

Acepromazine / Xylazine is commonly used in what species?

Because visual and auditory are not affected.

Mnemonic:
“Horses can still see and hear.”

Why is Acepromazine / Xylazine commonly used in horses?

Priapism.

Mnemonic:
“Ace horse = priapism.”

Acepromazine / Xylazine causes what side effect in horses?

Penile prolapse and does not retract.

Mnemonic:
“Priapism = prolapse, no retract.”

What is priapism in horses?

Chlorpromazine

Used as:

1. Hypnotic

2. Sedative tranquilizer

3. Anti-emetic drug in dogs, but not cats

4. Anti-arrhythmic drug

Drug interactions:

1. Increases function/activity of Dichlorvos

2. Increases function/activity of Physostigmine

3. Epinephrine is contraindicated

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro calms, stops vomit in dogs, protects rhythm, but avoid Epi.”

CHLORPROMAZINE MEMORY ANCHOR
Chlorpromazine = what major structure?

H-S-A-A

1. Hypnotic

2. Sedative tranquilizer

3. Anti-emetic drug

4. Anti-arrhythmic drug

Mnemonic:
“Hypnotic, Sedative, Anti-emetic, Anti-arrhythmic.”

Chlorpromazine is used as what 4 things? Mnemonic?

Dogs.

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro anti-emetic = dogs.”

Chlorpromazine is used as an anti-emetic drug in what species?

Cats.

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro anti-emetic: dog yes, cat no.”

Chlorpromazine is not used as an anti-emetic drug in what species?

Anti-arrhythmic drug.

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro controls rhythm.”

Chlorpromazine is used as what cardiac drug?

Dichlorvos.

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro increases Dichlorvos.”

Chlorpromazine increases the function/activity of what OP-compound?

OP-compound.

Mnemonic:
“Dichlorvos = OP compound.”

Dichlorvos is what kind of compound?

Physostigmine.

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro increases Physostigmine.”

Chlorpromazine increases the function/activity of what ACh inhibitor?

Ch inhibitor.

Mnemonic:
“Physostigmine inhibits ACh.”

Physostigmine is what kind of drug according to the notes?

Epinephrine.

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro + Epi = contraindicated.”

What drug is contraindicated with Chlorpromazine?

Promazine

Seldom used in equine practice.

Reason:
Before the horse experiences hypnosis, it would experience little excitement.

Mnemonic:
“Promazine makes horse excited before hypnotic.”

PROMAZINE MEMORY ANCHOR
Promazine = what major structure?

Equine practice.

Mnemonic:
“Promazine seldom in horses.”

Promazine is seldom used in what practice?

Before the horse experiences hypnosis, it would experience little excitement.

Mnemonic:
“Horse gets excited before sleepy.”

Why is Promazine seldom used in equine practice?

Triflupromazine

In sheep, it affects the erythrocytes / RBC.

Mnemonic:
“Tri-flu hits sheep RBC.”

TRIFLUPROMAZINE MEMORY ANCHOR
Triflupromazine = what major structure?

Sheep.

Mnemonic:
“Tri-flu affects sheep blood.”

Triflupromazine affects erythrocytes in what species?

Erythrocytes / RBC.

Mnemonic:
“Erythrocytes = RBC.”

Triflupromazine affects what blood cells in sheep?

Ethylisobuterazine

Mostly used in small animal practice as a sedative
Used to calm the patient
Example → grooming
Used to prevent mutilation
Used to quiet the animal

Mnemonic:
“Ethyl calms small animals for grooming and prevents mutilation.”

ETHYLISOBUTERAZINE MEMORY ANCHOR
Ethylisobuterazine = what major structure?

Small animal practice.

Mnemonic:
“Ethyl = small animal sedative.”

Ethylisobuterazine is mostly used in what practice?

Sedative.

Mnemonic:
“Ethyl sedates.”

Ethylisobuterazine is used as what?

Grooming.

Mnemonic:
“Ethyl for grooming calm.”

Ethylisobuterazine is used to calm the patient during what example procedure?

Mutilation.

Mnemonic:
“Ethyl prevents self-mutilation.”

Ethylisobuterazine is used to prevent what?

The animal.

Mnemonic:
“Ethyl quiets the animal.”

Ethylisobuterazine is used to quiet what?

Thioxanthene

Drug:

1. Chlorprothixene

Chlorprothixene is:

1. Good anti-emetic

2. Antihistamine

Pig trap:
In pigs, it increases body temperature leading to hyperthermia.

Mnemonic:
“Thio-Chlorpro stops vomit/histamine but heats pigs.”

THIOXANTHENE MEMORY ANCHOR
Thioxanthene = what major structure?

Chlorprothixene.

Mnemonic:
“Thio = Chlorprothixene.”

What drug is listed under Thioxanthene?

A-A

1. Anti-emetic

2. Antihistamine

Mnemonic:
“Anti-vomit, Anti-histamine.”

Chlorprothixene is a good what? Mnemonic?

Body temperature.

Mnemonic:
“Chlorprothixene heats pigs.”

In pigs, Chlorprothixene increases what?

Hyperthermia.

Mnemonic:
“Pig + Chlorprothixene = hyperthermia.”

In pigs, Chlorprothixene may lead to what condition?

Butyrophenone

Drugs:

1. Haloperidol

2. Droperidol

3. Azaperone

4. Leperone

Key traps:

1. Haloperidol → Galactorrhea, psychotropic

2. Droperidol → anti-emetic, Epinephrine contraindicated, Galactorrhea

3. Azaperone → swine, malignant hyperthermia, aggression in piglets and sow

4. Leperone → listed drug

Mnemonic:
“Butyro has Halo, Drope, Aza, Lepe.”

BUTYROPHENONE MEMORY ANCHOR
Butyrophenone = what major structure?

H-D-A-L

1. Haloperidol

2. Droperidol

3. Azaperone

4. Leperone

Mnemonic:
“Halo Drope Aza Lepe.”

Enumerate the Butyrophenone drugs. Mnemonic?

Haloperidol

May cause → Galactorrhea
Galactorrhea → excessive excretion of milk
Also → psychotropic drug

Mnemonic:
“Halo makes milk and affects mind.”

HALOPERIDOL MEMORY ANCHOR
Haloperidol = what major structure?

Galactorrhea.

Mnemonic:
“Halo = galactorrhea.”

Haloperidol may cause what condition?

Excessive excretion of milk.

Mnemonic:
“Galacto = milk; rrhea = flowing.”

What is Galactorrhea?

Psychotropic drug.

Mnemonic:
“Halo affects the psyche.”

Haloperidol is also what kind of drug?

Droperidol

Used as → anti-emetic
Epinephrine → contraindicated
May cause → Galactorrhea
Galactorrhea → excessive excretion of milk

Mnemonic:
“Drope drops vomiting, but do not add Epi.”

DROPERIDOL MEMORY ANCHOR
Droperidol = what major structure?

Anti-emetic.

Mnemonic:
“Drope drops vomiting.”

Droperidol is used as what?

Epinephrine.

Mnemonic:
“Drope + Epi = contraindicated.”

What drug is contraindicated with Droperidol?

Galactorrhea.

Mnemonic:
“Drope may drip milk.”

Droperidol may cause what condition?

Galactorrhea.

Mnemonic:
“Halo and Drope = milk flow.”

Droperidol and Haloperidol may both cause what condition?

Azaperone

Used in swine
Used to correct malignant hyperthermia
Used to prevent aggression in piglets and sow
Alternative noted → Redhorse

Mnemonic:
“Aza helps hot, aggressive pigs.”

AZAPERONE MEMORY ANCHOR
Azaperone = what major structure?

Swine.

Mnemonic:
“Aza = swine.”

Azaperone is used in what species?

Malignant hyperthermia.

Mnemonic:
“Aza cools malignant heat.”

Azaperone is used to correct what condition in swine?

Aggression.

Mnemonic:
“Aza avoids aggression.”

Azaperone is used to prevent what behavior?

P-S

1. Piglets

2. Sow

Mnemonic:
“Piglets and Sow.”

Azaperone prevents aggression in what animals? Mnemonic?

Redhorse.

Mnemonic:
“Aza alternative = Redhorse.”

What alternative is noted for preventing aggression in piglets and sow?

Butyrophenone.

Mnemonic:
“Leperone = Butyrophenone.”

Leperone belongs to what drug group?

Rauwolfia

Drugs:

1. Reserpine

2. Methoserpate

Both are neuronal blocking sympatholytic drugs.

Mnemonic:
“Rauwolfia blocks sympathetic neurons: Rese + Metho.”

RAUWOLFIA MEMORY ANCHOR
Rauwolfia = what major structure?

R-M

1. Reserpine

2. Methoserpate

Mnemonic:
“Rese Metho.”

Enumerate the Rauwolfia drugs. Mnemonic?

Neuronal blocking sympatholytic drug.

Mnemonic:
“Reserpine restrains sympathetic neurons.”

Reserpine is what kind of drug?

Neuronal blocking sympatholytic drug.

Mnemonic:
“Methoserpate mutes sympathetic neurons.”

Methoserpate is what kind of drug?

R-M

1. Reserpine

2. Methoserpate

Mnemonic:
“Rese Metho block sympathetic neurons.”

Which Rauwolfia drugs are neuronal blocking sympatholytic drugs? Mnemonic?

Key Traps

1. Tranquilizers → without drowsiness

2. Sedatives → drowsiness and hypnosis

3. Barbiturates → low dose hypnotic, much lower dose sedative

4. Chloral hydrates → good choice as hypnotics

5. Benzodiazepines → muscle relaxants

6. Chlorpromazine → anti-emetic in dogs, not cats

7. Acepromazine/Xylazine → horses; visual and auditory not affected; priapism

8. Promazine → seldom used in equine practice due to excitement before hypnosis

9. Triflupromazine → affects RBC in sheep

10. Chlorprothixene → increases body temperature in pigs

11. Haloperidol and Droperidol → galactorrhea

12. Epinephrine contraindicated with Chlorpromazine and Droperidol

13. Azaperone → swine malignant hyperthermia and aggression

Mnemonic:
“Tranq awake, Sedative sleepy, Barbs dose-dependent.”

EXAM TRAP MEMORY ANCHOR
What are the high-yield traps for Hypnotics, Tranquilizers, & Sedatives?

Species Traps

1. Acepromazine/Xylazine → commonly used in horses

2. Acepromazine/Xylazine → causes priapism in horses

3. Chlorpromazine → anti-emetic in dogs, not cats

4. Promazine → seldom used in equine practice

5. Triflupromazine → affects erythrocytes/RBC in sheep

6. Chlorprothixene → pigs: hyperthermia

7. Azaperone → swine; prevents aggression in piglets and sow

Mnemonic:
“Horse priapism, dog anti-vomit, cat no, sheep RBC, pig heat/aggression.”

SPECIES TRAP MEMORY ANCHOR
What are the species-specific traps in this set?

Basic distinction:

1. Tranquilizers

   • Without drowsiness

2. Sedatives

   • Drowsiness and hypnosis

Major Groups:

1. Barbiturates

   • Oral or injectable

   • Low dose → hypnotic

   • Much lower dose → sedative

   • B-P-A-S-P: Barbital, Phenobarbital, Amobarbital, Secobarbital, Pentobarbital

2. Chloral Hydrates

   • Good choice as hypnotics

3. Benzodiazepines

   • Muscle relaxants

   • D-M-C: Diazepam, Midazolam, Chlordiazepoxide

   • Diazepam → muscle relaxant, mood stabilizer

   • Midazolam → muscle relaxant, hypnotic, mixed with Zolazepam

   • Chlordiazepoxide → liver effect causing icterus

4. Phenothiazines

   • Tranquilizer/sedative without analgesic effects

   • A-C-P-T-E: Acepromazine/Xylazine, Chlorpromazine, Promazine, Triflupromazine, Ethylisobuterazine

   • Acepromazine/Xylazine → horses; visual/auditory not affected; priapism

   • Chlorpromazine → hypnotic, sedative tranquilizer, anti-emetic in dogs not cats, anti-arrhythmic; increases Dichlorvos and Physostigmine; Epinephrine contraindicated

   • Promazine → seldom equine use due to excitement before hypnosis

   • Triflupromazine → sheep RBC

   • Ethylisobuterazine → small animal sedative, grooming, prevents mutilation, quiets animal

5. Thioxanthene

   • Chlorprothixene → anti-emetic, antihistamine

   • Pigs → increases body temperature leading to hyperthermia

6. Butyrophenone

   • H-D-A-L: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Azaperone, Leperone

   • Haloperidol → galactorrhea, psychotropic

   • Droperidol → anti-emetic, Epinephrine contraindicated, galactorrhea

   • Azaperone → swine, malignant hyperthermia, aggression in piglets and sow; alternative Redhorse

   • Leperone → listed drug

7. Rauwolfia

   • Reserpine and Methoserpate

   • Neuronal blocking sympatholytic drugs

Master Mnemonic:
“Tranq awake, Sedative sleepy; Barbs, Chloral, Benzo, Pheno, Thio, Butyro, Rauwolfia.”

MASTER MEMORY MAP
Hypnotics, Tranquilizers, & Sedatives = how do you remember the whole topic?