IMPORTANT NOTES

Song Dynasty

A notable period in Chinese history from 960 to 1279 marked by cultural and technological advancements.

Confucianism

A philosophy emphasizing moral integrity, proper conduct, and family and social harmony.

Five Relationships

Key relationships in Confucianism: Ruler to subject, Father to son, Husband to wife, Elder brother to younger brother, Friend to friend.

Filial Piety

The respect and duty that children owe to their parents, forming the basis of moral behavior and family structure.

Imperial Bureaucracy

A sophisticated bureaucratic system established during the Song Dynasty emphasizing meritocracy through civil service exams.

Compass

One of the notable inventions of the Song Dynasty, facilitating navigation.

Gunpowder

A significant invention from the Song Dynasty used in warfare and other applications.

Neo-Confucianism

An ideology blending Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist thought, emerging from the spiritual and ethical integration of these religions.

Theravada Buddhism

A form of Buddhism focusing on individual enlightenment, predominantly found in Southeast Asia.

Mahayana Buddhism

A form of Buddhism emphasizing collective salvation, prevalent in China.

Abbasid Caliphate

A major Islamic empire from 750 to 1258 known for cultural and scientific achievements, including the House of Wisdom.

Seljuk Empire

An influential Islamic empire from 1037 to 1194 that expanded Turkish power.

Hinduism

A major religion in Southeast and South Asia, influencing cultural practices and social structures, notably through the caste system.

Srivijaya Empire

A significant maritime kingdom in Southeast Asia from the 7th to 13th century that facilitated trade and spread Buddhism.

Mexica/Aztecs

An Indigenous civilization known for advanced urban centers and complex societies in the Americas.

Feudalism

A societal structure in medieval Europe based on land ownership and duties.

Manorialism

An economic system in medieval Europe defining the economic aspects of feudalism centered on lord-vassal relationships.

Roman Catholic Church

A powerful institution in medieval Europe that influenced societal norms, politics, and education.

Serfdom

The condition of many peasants in medieval Europe, bound to the land they worked.

Crusades

A series of religious wars from 1096 to 1291 initiated by the Church to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Byzantine Empire

The continuation of Roman governance in the East, preserving culture until its fall in 1453.

Great Schism

The 1054 division of Christianity into Western Roman Catholicism and Eastern Greek Orthodoxy.