apush semester 1 review

revenue act of 1762

absentee customs officers have to actually work at their posts rather than hiring assistants to do the job for them

currency act of 1764

banned american colonies from using paper money as currency

the sugar act

British law that lowered the duty on french molasses, but raised penalties for smuggling; Colonial merchants opposed this act as it would ruin the distilling industry 

stamp act of 1765

imposing tax on all paper used in the colonies

quartering act of 1765

required colonial governments to provide barracks and food for british soldiers; requested by thomas gage 

stamp act congress

wanted compromise not confrontation against the acts imposed by british

declaratory act of 1766

law asserting parliament’s right to legislate its british colonies in any case

townshend act of 1767

duties on tea, glass, lead, and other materials which led to boycotts and heightened tensions between colonies and britain

revenue act of 1767

created more vice admiralty courts in america and board of customs 

nonimportation movement

effort to protest parliamentary legislation by boycotting british goods

Scioto confederacy

group of Indians that opposed westward expansion into ohio

crispus attucks

african american that was seen as first black martyr of american liberty and victim of the boston massacre

committees of correspondence

a communications network established among colonial assemblies between 1772 and 1773 to provide for quick transfer of news about important political developments  

Tea act of may 1773

british act that lowered the existing tax on tea and granted exemptions to the East India Company to make the company to make their tea cheaper in the colonies and entice boycotting americans to buy it 

coercive or intolerable acts

passed by british parliament to make colonists pay for Tea Party

continental congress

september 1774 gathering of delegates in philadelphia to discuss the crisis caused by coercive acts; congress issued a declaration of rights and agreed to boycott british trade

continental association

established in 1774 by first continental congress to enforce boycott of british goods

Lord Dumore’s War

• Virginia’s royal governor, dunmore, saw the opportunity to lead a group of militia to gain more land by attacking the ohio shawnees, who had land in kentucky despite ignoring royal instructions and house of burgesses 

• Shawnees were defeated and dunmore took kentucky

minutemen

Colonial militiamen ready to mobilize on short notice during the imperial crisis of the 1770s; these volunteers formed the core of the citizens’ army that met British troops at Lexington and Concord in April 1775

second continental congress

legislative body that governed the US from May 1775 through the war’s duration; established an army, created its own money, and declared independence 

prohibitory act

outlawed all trade with rebellious colonies in britain

battle of long island

First major engagement of the new Continental army against 32,000 British troops; Washington’s army was defeated and forced to retreat to Manhattan Island

what did battle of saratoga do for the americans

Turning point of war and ensured diplomatic success with french allies

Philipsburg proclamation

A 1779 proclamation that declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain

marquis de lafayette

persuaded french kind to send troops to rhode island; long time supporter of american cause

battle of yorktown

ended american revolution

currency tax

A hidden tax on farmers and artisans who accepted Continental bills in payment for supplies and on the thousands of soldiers who took them as pay. Rampant inflation caused Continental currency to lose much of its value during the war, implicitly taxing those who accepted it as payment

treaty of paris 1783

The treaty that ended the Revolutionary War. By its terms, Great Britain formally recognized American independence and relinquished its claims to lands south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River

treaty of Versailles

britain made peace with france and spain

Pennsylvania constitution of 1776

It granted all taxpaying men the right to vote and hold office and created a unicameral (one-house) legislature with complete power; there was no governor to exercise a veto. was considered controversial bcs other people wanted only educated men to vote

mixed government

A political theory that called for three branches of government, each representing one function: executive, legislative, and judicial. This system of dispersed authority was devised to maintain a balance of power in government

ordinance of 1784

established principle that territories could become states as populations grew

land ordinance of 1765

specified specific financial and land qualifications for states

northwest ordinance of 1787

A land act that provided for orderly settlement and established a process by which settled territories would become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It also banned slavery in the Northwest Territory

shays’ rebellion

A 1786–1787 uprising led by dissident farmers in western Massachusetts, many of them Revolutionary War veterans, protesting the taxation policies of the eastern elites who controlled the state’s government

federalist No.10

An essay by James Madison in The Federalist (1787–1788) that challenged the view that republican governments only worked in small polities; it argued that a geographically expansive national government would better protect republican liberty 

judiciary act of 1789

Act that established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court serving as the highest appellate court in the federal system

democratic republicans

those that supported madison and jefferson; mostly southern

proclamation of neutrality

A proclamation issued by President George Washington in 1793, allowing U.S. citizens to trade with all belligerents in the war between France and Great Britain

whiskey rebellion

A 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to enforcement of an unpopular excise tax on whiskey; stopped by george washington and his militiamen

jay’s treaty

Republicans stated that jay’s treaty was too conciliatory but was ratified by senate

haitian revolution

Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, black haitians took over saint-domingue and created independent nation of haiti

XYZ affair

A 1797 incident in which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. The incident led the United States into an undeclared war that curtailed American trade with the French West Indies

naturalization act

lengthened residency for citizenship

alien act

authorized deportation of foreigners

sedition act

prohibited publication of insults or malicious attacks on president or members of congress

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions

Resolutions by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures in 1798 condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts. The resolutions tested the idea that state legislatures could judge the legitimacy of federal laws

treaty of greenville

A 1795 treaty between the United States and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, and, in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio to the United States

judiciary act of 1801

created more positions in judicial affair in skew for more federalists in governement, where adams filled at the last moment of his with “midnight appointees”

marbury v. madison

A Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in finding that parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were in conflict with the Constitution. For the first time, the Supreme Court assumed legal authority to overrule acts of other branches of the government

pickney’s treaty

agreement between spain and america that reopened mississippi river to american trade

the embargo act

An act of Congress that prohibited U.S. ships from traveling to foreign ports in an attempt to deter Britain and France from halting U.S. ships at sea. The embargo caused grave hardships for Americans engaged in overseas commerce

non-intercourse act

restored some overseas trade while still failing to resolve neutrality between britain and france

battle of Tippecanoe

An attack on Shawnee Indians and their allies at Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe River in 1811 by American forces headed by William Henry Harrison, Indiana’s territorial governor. The governor’s troops traded heavy casualties with the confederacy’s warriors and then destroyed the holy village

mcCullouch v. maryland

A Supreme Court case that denied the right of states to tax the Second Bank of the United States, thereby asserting the dominance of national over state statutes

gibbons v. ogden

constitution gave federal government authority over interstate commerce; asserted national dominance over state

fletcher v. peck

Protects property rights through broad reading of Constitution’s contract clause

dartmouth college v. peck

Safeguards property rights, especially of chartered corporations

adams-onis treaty

An 1819 treaty in which John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to the United States. In return, the American government accepted Spain’s claim to Texas and agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana

wilmot proviso

The 1846 proposal by Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania to ban slavery in territory acquired from the U.S.-Mexico War 

slave power conspiracy

The political argument, made by abolitionists, free soilers, and Republicans in the pre–Civil War years, that southern slaveholders were using their unfair representative advantage under the three-fifths compromise of the Constitution, as well as their clout within the Democratic Party, to demand extreme federal proslavery policies (such as annexation of Cuba) that the majority of American voters would not support

free soil movement

A political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery. In 1848, the free soilers organized the Free Soil Party, which depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and to the Jeffersonian ideal of a freeholder society, arguments that won broad support among aspiring white farmers

forty-niners

Foreign people coming to california for gold

foreign miner’s tax

A discriminatory tax, adopted in 1850 in California Territory, that forced Chinese and Latin American immigrant miners to pay high taxes for the right to prospect for gold. The tax effectively drove these miners from the goldfields

compromise of 1850

Laws passed in 1850 that were meant to resolve the dispute over the status of slavery in the territories (near pacific coast like california). Key elements included the admission of California as a free state and a new Fugitive Slave Act 

fugitive slave act of 1850

A federal law that set up special federal courts to facilitate capture of anyone accused of being a runaway slave. These courts could consider a slave owner's sworn affidavit as proof, but defendants could not testify or receive a jury trial. The controversial law led to armed conflict between U.S. marshals and abolitionists

personal liberty laws

Laws enacted in many northern states that guaranteed to all residents, including alleged fugitives, the right to a jury trial

ableman v. booth

declared Fugitive Slave Act as unconstitutional, but was later repealed

gadsden purchase of 1853

president pierce wanted more mexican lands south of the rio grande and settled on the gadsden purchase; allowed for the building of the transcontinental railroad

treaty of kanagawa

An 1854 treaty in which, after a show of military force by the U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry, leaders of Japan agreed to permit American ships to refuel at two Japanese ports

filibustering

Private paramilitary campaigns, mounted particularly by southern proslavery advocates in the 1850s, to seize additional territory in the Caribbean or Latin America in order to establish control by U.S.-born leaders, with an expectation of eventual annexation by the United States 

ostend manifesto

An 1854 manifesto that urged President Franklin Pierce to seize the slave-owning province of Cuba from Spain. Northern Democrats denounced this aggressive initiative, and the plan was scuttled

chain migration

A pattern by which immigrants find housing and work and learn to navigate a new environment, and then assist other immigrants from their family or home area to settle in the same location

nativism

Opposition to immigration and to full citizenship for recent immigrants or to immigrants of a particular ethnic or national background, as expressed, for example, by anti-Irish discrimination in the 1850s and Asian exclusion laws between the 1880s and 1940s

american republic party

sought to limit ability of immigrants in america

know-nothing party

An anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political party formed in 1851 that arose in response to mass immigration in the 1840s, especially from Ireland and Germany. In 1854, the party gained control of the state governments of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania

kansas-nebraska act

A controversial 1854 law that divided Indian Territory into Kansas and Nebraska, repealed the Missouri Compromise, and left the new territories to decide the issue of slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty. Far from clarifying the status of slavery in the territories, the act led to violent conflict in “Bleeding Kansas.”

republican party

northern democrats, ex-whigs, and free soil supporters; wanted to limit slavery completely; upheld Jefferson’s views of middling classes who work their own manual labor and middle-class values

bleeding kansas

when both slavery and anti-slavery forces turned to violence in kansas

dred scott decision

The 1857 Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. The Court ruled against slave Dred Scott, who claimed that travels with his master into free states and territories made him and his family free. The decision also denied the federal government the right to exclude slavery from the territories and declared that African Americans were not citizens

habeas corpus

A legal writ forcing government authorities to justify their arrest and detention of an individual. During the Civil War, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus to stop protests against the draft and other anti-Union activities

battle of antietam

known as bloodiest single day in american history; lincoln called emancipation after that

contrabands

Slaves who fled plantations and sought protection behind Union lines during the Civil War

confiscation act

authorized seizure of all property, including slaves, used to support the rebellion

2nd confiscation act

declared that all slaves who managed to reach the union were free

one-tenth tax

A tax adopted by the Confederacy in 1863 that required all farmers to turn over a tenth of their crops and livestock to the government for military use. The tax demonstrated the southern government’s strong use of centralized power; it caused great hardship for poor families

54th Massachusetts infantry

first? african american infantry

union lieber code

Union guidelines for the laws of war, issued in April 1863. The code ruled that soldiers and prisoners must be treated equally without respect to color or race; justified a range of military actions if they were based on “necessity” that would “hasten surrender”; and outlawed use of torture. The code provided a foundation for later international agreements on the laws of war

gettysburg address

Abraham Lincoln’s November 1863 speech dedicating a national cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield. Lincoln declared the nation’s founding ideal to be that “all men are created equal,” and he urged listeners to dedicate themselves out of the carnage of war to a “new birth of freedom” for the United States

miscegenation

A derogatory word for interracial sexual relationships coined by Democrats in the 1864 election, as they claimed that emancipation would allow African American men to gain sexual access to white women and produce mixed-race children

which amendment abolished slavery

13th

special field order no. 15

An order by General William T. Sherman, later reversed by policymakers, that granted confiscated land to formerly enslaved families in Georgia and South Carolina so they could farm independently

wade-davis bill

A bill proposed by Congress in July 1864 that required an oath of allegiance by a majority of each state’s adult white men, new governments formed only by those who had never taken up arms against the Union, and permanent disenfranchisement of Confederate leaders. The plan was passed but pocket vetoed by President Abraham Lincoln

black codes

designed to force former slaves back to plantation labor

civil rights act of 1866

Legislation passed by Congress that nullified the Black Codes and affirmed that African Americans should have equal benefit of the law

reconstruction act of 1867

An act that divided the conquered South into five military districts, each under the command of a U.S. general. To reenter the Union, former Confederate states had to grant the vote to freedmen and deny it to leading ex-Confederates

minor v. happersett

A Supreme Court decision in 1875 that ruled that suffrage rights were not inherent in citizenship and had not been granted by the Fourteenth Amendment, as some women’s rights advocates argued. Women were citizens, the Court ruled, but state legislatures could deny women the vote if they wished.

sharecropping

freedmen worked as laborers and in return got housing and land for themselves

scalawags

southern whites who supported reconstruction

carpet baggers

northerners who came to the south just to exploit economic means