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Túpac Amaru II
Leader of 1780 revolt against Spanish rule in Peru.
José Rizal
Filipino nationalist executed in 1896, sparking independence movements.
Usman dan Fodio
Islamic leader, founded Sokoto Caliphate in 1804 in West Africa.
Samory Touré
West African chieftain opposed French colonization; led resistance until 1898.
Muhammad Ahmad
Declared Mahdi in Sudan in 1881, led anti-British revolt.
Yaa Asantewaa
Warrior queen who led the Asante Empire's resistance against British in 1900.
Balkan Peninsula
Southeastern Europe region, home to nationalist movements against Ottoman Empire.
Vietnam
Southeast Asian nation that resisted French colonial rule, especially in late 19th century.
Philippines
Archipelago that transitioned from Spanish to American control after 1898.
Sokoto Caliphate
Major West African empire, established in 1804, known for trade and governance.
Sudan
Northeastern African region resisted British and Egyptian control in the late 19th century.
Asante Empire
West African kingdom that fought against British colonization in the 19th century.
Ghost Dance
Late 19th-century Native American ritual aimed at restoring indigenous culture and lands.
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Uprising against British rule in India, marking rise of Indian nationalism.
Philippine Revolution
Armed struggle for Philippine independence from Spain, beginning in 1896.
Spanish-American War
Conflict in 1898 leading to U.S. control over former Spanish territories.
Philippine-American War
War from 1899 to 1902 over Filipino independence from U.S. rule.
Maori Wars
Series of conflicts between British settlers and Maori in New Zealand during the 19th century.
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
1856 action by Xhosa to expel British settlers, resulting in famine.
Anglo-Zulu War
1879 conflict between British and Zulu kingdom in South Africa.
Treaty of Paris
1898 agreement transferring Philippine control from Spain to U.S.
Treaty of Waitangi
1840 treaty intended to protect Maori interests under British sovereignty.
Proclamation of 1763
British decree reserving land for Native Americans, ignored by settlers after independence.
Indian Removal Act
1830 law facilitating the relocation of Native Americans, notably the Cherokee, to Oklahoma.
Indian National Congress
Established in 1885 to advocate for Indian self-governance and rights under British rule.
Cherokee nation
Indigenous group in the U.S. that attempted cultural assimilation but faced displacement.
Aboriginal
Indigenous people of Australia, possessing a continuous culture for 50,000 years.
Maori
Indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand, resisting British encroachment in the 19th century.
Xhosa
Indigenous people of southern Africa, engaged in resistance against British colonization.
Zulu
Southern African ethnic group known for its organized state and military resistance to British.
Mahdi
Islamic prophesied leader expected to bring justice and restore Islam's glory.
Pan-Africanism
Movement promoting unity and solidarity among African nations and peoples.
sepoys
Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company, pivotal in the 1857 rebellion.
Raj
British rule in India from 1858 until 1947, directly governed by British authorities
