Patho Lecture 2

Flashcards based on lecture notes from a Pathophysiology course, covering basic terms, cellular adaptations, and physiological processes.

What are the 'Seven Pillars' of pathology?

Etiology, Pathogenesis, Manifestation, Progression, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis

What is the difference between focal and diffuse in tissue description?

Focal is localized, diffuse is spread throughout

Define morbidity.

The state of being diseased or unhealthy within a population.

Define mortality.

The state of being subject to death.

What are the three main cellular responses to injury or stress?

Cellular adaptation, reversible cell injury, and irreversible cell injury (cell death)

Name three factors that dictate a tissue's ability to adapt to injury.

Potential for cell regeneration, severity of injury, duration of injury

What are labile cells?

Continuously renewing cell population

What are stable cells?

A (potentially) expanding cell population

What are permanent cells?

Static cell population

List five ways cells can adapt to stress.

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia

Define atrophy.

Shrinkage of a cell or organ due to loss of organelles.

Give an example of physiological atrophy.

Normal loss of endocrine stimulation

Give an example of pathological atrophy.

Diminished blood supply

Define hypertrophy.

Increase in cell size and functional capacity.

What causes hypertrophy?

Increased production and number of intracellular organelles

Give an example of physiological hypertrophy.

Increased functional demand

Give an example of pathological hypertrophy.

Goiter

Define hyperplasia.

Increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of cells.

Give an example of physiological hyperplasia.

Hormonal stimulation (lactating breast)

Give an example of pathological hyperplasia.

Endometriosis

Define metaplasia.

Change in which one terminally differentiated cell type is replaced by another.

What commonly replaces glandular epithelium in metaplasia?

Squamous epithelium

Give an example of metaplasia.

Barret esophagus

Define dysplasia.

Disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue.

Is dysplasia considered pre-neoplastic?

Yes

Name three categories of intracellular accumulations.

Normal cellular constituent, abnormal substance, pigment

What factors can cause intracellular accumulations?

Increased production, decreased metabolism, increased deposition, or decreased transport

Define steatosis.

Accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells.

What is the most common organ involved in steatosis?

Liver

What are causes of steatosis?

Protein malnutrition, toxins, obesity, anoxia

What causes cellular swelling?

Loss of ATP resulting in failure of sodium-potassium ATPase pump

What is hemosiderin?

Accumulation of iron within parenchymal cells and interstitium

What causes localized hemosiderosis?

Common bruise (RBC breakdown)

What causes systemic hemosiderosis?

Blood transfusions, hemolytic anemias

What is lipofuscin?

"Wear and tear pigment"; undigestible mixture of lipids and proteins, result of oxidative stress

Give an example of a glycogen storage disease.

Pompe

Where does cholesterol accumulate?

Macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells within blood vessel walls

Name a cause of cell injury.

Hypoxia

What are some universal biochemical themes of cell injury?

Decreased synthesis of ATP, increase in intracellular calcium, defects in membrane permeability

What is cellular swelling?

Loss of activity of Na+/K+ ATPase pump activity = ion influx

What is a cause of steatosis (fatty change)?

Altered metabolism/transport of triglyceride

Describe the nuclear change pyknosis.

Small, shrunken, and dark nucleus

Describe the nuclear change karyorrhexis.

Fragmented nucleus

Describe the nuclear change karyolysis.

Faded nucleus

How does hypoxic/ischemic injury compromise aerobic respiration?

By increasing the rate of anaerobic glycolysis

Name a cause of free radical induced injury.

Chemical and radiation injury

What are some targets of damage from free radicals?

Lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, oxidative modification of cellular proteins, damage to cellular DNA

Name an important free radical.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

What is metastatic calcification?

Calcium deposition in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia.

What is dystrophic calcification?

Calcium deposition in dead (necrotic) / non- viable tissue.