Cardiopulmonary Conditions REVIEW PART 1

- Distribute essential substances to tissues of the body

- Remove waste/byproducts of cellular metabolism (ex. CO2)

What are the primary functions of the cardiovascular system?

- 12 thoracic vertebrae

- Ribs

- Sternum

what bones make up the thorax

- Auscultation (heart/lung sounds)

- Surgical incisions (sternotomy, thoracotomy)

What are the clinical implications of anatomical landmarks

sternal angle

The junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum

the 2nd rib

what rib is found at the level of the sternal angle

- Superior: Continuous with loose connective tissue of the neck

- Anterior: chest wall

- Lateral: lungs

- Posterior: spine

- Inferior: diaphragm

what are the borders of the Mediastinum

Continuous with loose connective tissue of the neck

what makes up the superior border of the Mediastinum

chest wall

what makes up the anterior border of the Mediastinum

lungs

what makes up the lateral border of the Mediastinum

spine

what makes up the posterior border of the Mediastinum

diaphragm

what makes up the inferior border of the Mediastinum

- Heart

- Great vessels of the heart

- Esophagus

- Trachea

- Phrenic nerve

- Cardiac nerve

- Thoracic duct

- Thymus

What are the contents of the Mediastinum

- Pericardium

- Myocardium

- Endocardium

What are the layers of the heart from outermost to innermost

increases chronotropy, inotropy, and dromotropy

what are the effects of sympathetic innervation to the heart

ventricular myocardium

What part of the heart is unaffected by the Parasympathetic

vesicles

atria

Parasympathetic does NOT impact ____…. only the ______

pulmonary arteries

what are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood

Oxygenated blood > arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins > heart

How does blood typically flow once oxygenated

right side of the heart

what side of the heart is a low pressure system

1. right atrium

2. AV (tricuspid)

3. right ventricle through the pulmonary valve

4. pulmonary artery

5. lungs

6. pulmonary valve

7. left atrium

8. mitral (bicuspid)

9. left ventricle

10. aorta through aortic valve

pathway of blood through the heart

left ventricle

what is the thickest wall due to elevated SBP

left atrium- mitral valve

what part of the heart is used for clinical considerations or regurgitation

AV valves

tricuspid

mitral

semilunar

During systole (ventricular contraction), the ______ close to prevent backflow into the atria:

• _____ valve → prevents blood from flowing right ventricle → right atrium

• ____ valve → prevents blood from flowing left ventricle → left atrium

Meanwhile, the ______ valves are open so blood can leave the ventricles:

• Pulmonary valve → blood flows into pulmonary artery

• Aortic valve → blood flows into aorta

- Systemic circulation starts with oxygenated blood, and moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body

- Pulmonary circulation starts with deoxygenated blood, and moves blood between the heart and the lungs to get oxygen

How does pulmonary circulation differ from Systemic circulation?

- elastic (aorta, pulmonary trunk - stretch for blood ejection)

- muscular arteries (vasoconstriction/dilation due to smooth muscles)

what are the types of arteries

veins

- thinner wall

- less distensible

- LE veins have valves to prevent backflow

- tunica intima (inner)

- tunica media

- adventitia (outer)

What are the layers of an artery from inner to outer

Adventitia (outer layer)

- collagenous

- made of mostly fibroblasts

- support structure

- involved in repair of the arteries when injured

- houses vessels for the middle layer (vasa vorum)

Tunica media

- smooth muscle cell layers separated by elastic membrane changes in luminal diameter (vasodilation/constriction)

- synthesize collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycans in response to stimuli

Tunica intima

- endothelial cells (1 molecule thick) and internal elastic lamina protect arterial wall, exchange gasses and nutrients, assist in regulation of coagulation, signaling inflammatory processes

- LDL and fibrinogen accumulate between the endothelial and elastic lamina of the tunica intima → myocardial ischemia

Aorta

• coronary arteries

• R brachiocephalic trunk

• L internal carotid artery

• subclavian artery

What is the flow of blood out of the heart

Coronary veins > coronary sinus > RA

What is the flow of blood into the heart