Biology Final - Molecules of Life & Enzymes

ACP Kavountzis Final Review for Molecules of Life & Enzymes

Organic Compounds

are molecules primarily made of carbon and are essential for life. They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

The four main classes of macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Example of carbohydrates

Sugars or starches

Example of lipids

Fats, oils, and phospholipids

examples of proteins

Meat, eggs, beans, and nuts

examples of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Structure and major function of a carbohydrate

Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, primarily serving as a primary energy source and structural components in cells. 1:2:1 is the ratio

Structure and major function of a lipid

Lipids are hydrophobic organic molecules primarily composed of long hydrocarbon chains or rings. They serve as energy storage, components of cell membranes, and signaling molecules. ratio is 1:2:less than 1

Structure and major function of a protein

Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of amino acids. They perform a wide range of functions in the body, including catalyzing biochemical reactions, providing structure, and regulating processes. CHNO

Structure and major function of a nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are macromolecules made up of nucleotide monomers. They store and transmit genetic information, playing a crucial role in protein synthesis and heredity. CHONP

Monomers

are the basic building blocks of larger macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. Singular

Polymers

are large molecules made up of repeating subunits called monomers, which can be carbohydrates, proteins, or nucleic acids, serving various structural and functional roles in living organisms. Multiple

Dehydration Synthesis

is a chemical reaction that involves the joining of two molecules by removing a water molecule, facilitating the formation of larger biomolecules like proteins and polysaccharides.

Hydrolosis

is a chemical reaction that breaks down a compound by adding water, essential for the digestion of macromolecules into their monomer units.

How enzymes work

Lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction, allowing substrates to convert into products more efficiently. They bind to specific substrate molecules at their active sites, facilitating the reaction without being consumed in the process.

Steps of how an enzyme interact with a substrate in a diagram

A diagram illustrating the key steps of enzyme-substrate interaction typically includes substrate binding to the enzyme's active site, enzyme-substrate complex formation, conversion to products, and product release, highlighting how enzymes lower activation energy.

factors that affect enzyme activity

include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators.

Category of organic molecules that enzymes fit into

Proteins