AP English Language and Composition Ultimate Guide (Peterson 2025)

Claim

The central argument or assertion being made; the main point or stance on an issue.

Characteristics of a Strong Claim

Debatable, specific, arguable, and aligned with the prompt.

Reasoning

The logical connection that explains how evidence supports a claim.

Evidence

Information or data that supports a claim, making it believable and credible.

Effective Reasoning

Includes logical, explanatory, analytical, and well-developed connections between evidence and claims.

Causal Reasoning

A type of reasoning that shows a cause-and-effect relationship between evidence and the claim.

Statistics

Numerical data used as strong evidence to support claims.

Thesis Statement

A clear, concise statement presenting the main argument or claim of an essay.

Introduction

The opening section of an essay that sets the stage for the argument by providing background and stating the thesis.

Conclusion

The closing section of an essay that summarizes the argument and reflects on its significance.

Counterargument

An opposing viewpoint that challenges the main claim in a piece of writing.

Bias

A tendency or inclination toward or against something, influencing how information is presented.

Persuasive Writing

A form of communication aimed at convincing the audience to adopt a specific opinion or take action.

Logical Fallacy

An error in reasoning that undermines the logic of an argument.

Rhetorical Appeals

Techniques used to persuade an audience, including logos (logic), ethos (credibility), and pathos (emotion).

Imagery

Descriptive language that appeals to the senses to create mental pictures or emotional responses.

Figurative Language

Non-literal language, such as metaphors or similes, used to enrich meaning.

Mind Mapping

A visual tool to organize information and ideas around a central concept.

Complex Argument

An argument that incorporates multiple perspectives, acknowledges counterarguments, and is well-supported.

Tone

The author's attitude toward the subject, shaped by diction, syntax, and imagery.

Sentence Structure

The arrangement of words and phrases that creates meaning, flow, and rhythm in writing.

Transitions

Words or phrases that connect ideas and help guide readers through an argument.

Supporting Evidence

Information, facts, examples, or expert opinions that bolster a claim or argument.