AP GOV FINAL Maggiora type shit

Article I

Establishes the powers and structure of Congress, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives.

Article II

Defines the roles of the President and Vice President, their powers, and the processes for election and impeachment.

Article III

Establishes the Supreme Court and other inferior courts, defining the judiciary's jurisdiction and powers.

Article IV

Defines relationships and interactions between states and the federal government.

Article V

Describes the amendment process for the Constitution.

Article VI

Establishes that the Constitution and federal laws are the supreme law of the land.

Article VII

Specifies the process for ratifying the Constitution.

1st Amendment

Protects freedoms of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition.

2nd Amendment

Guarantees the right to keep and bear arms.

3rd Amendment

Prohibits forced quartering of soldiers during peacetime.

4th Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

5th Amendment

Provides protection against self-incrimination and guarantees due process.

6th Amendment

Guarantees the right to a fair and speedy trial.

7th Amendment

Guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases.

8th Amendment

Prohibits excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.

9th Amendment

States that enumerating specific rights does not deny others retained by the people.

10th Amendment

Affirms that powers not given to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people.

11th Amendment

Limits lawsuits against states in federal court.

12th Amendment

Changes the procedure for electing the President and Vice President.

13th Amendment

Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude.

14th Amendment

Grants citizenship and equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

Prohibits voting rights denial based on race.

16th Amendment

Allows Congress to levy income taxes.

17th Amendment

Establishes the direct election of Senators.

18th Amendment

Prohibits the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

19th Amendment

Grants women the right to vote.

20th Amendment

Shortens time between presidential election and inauguration.

21st Amendment

Repeals the 18th Amendment, ending alcohol prohibition.

22nd Amendment

Limits presidential terms to two.

23rd Amendment

Grants Washington, D.C., residents the right to vote in presidential elections.

24th Amendment

Prohibits poll taxes in federal elections.

25th Amendment

Establishes procedures for presidential disability and succession.

26th Amendment

Lowers voting age to 18.

New York Times v. United States (1971)

Ruled that the government cannot block publication unless national security is endangered.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Established implied powers of Congress and affirmed supremacy of federal law.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review, allowing courts to determine the constitutionality of laws.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Ruled that Congress exceeded its powers under the Commerce Clause with the Gun-Free School Zones Act.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Ruled that starting school with prayer violates the Establishment Clause.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Extended the Second Amendment right to bear arms to state and local governments.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Ruled that the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to counsel for all defendants.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Ruled that mandatory school attendance law violates Amish religious beliefs.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Upheld the conviction for distributing anti-draft leaflets, establishing the clear and present danger test.